CLAT Counselling 2025 (Started): Third UG Merit List (Out), Fees, Document

CLAT Counselling 2025 (Started): Third UG Merit List (Out), Fees, Document

Edited By Sumeet Sudarshan | Updated on Jun 20, 2025 04:14 PM IST | #CLAT
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CLAT Counselling 2025: The Consortium of National Law Universities has started the third round of CLAT 2025 counselling on June 20 after publishing the third merit list on its official website - consortiumofnlus.ac.in. Shortlisted candidates are required to pay the confirmation fee by June 23 by 1 PM. There are only three rounds of CLAT 2025 counselling 2025. The consortium has also started the CLAT PG counselling process and published the first CLAT PG merit list on June 17, 2025. Candidates are required to pay the confirmation fee by June 20 by 1 PM. The Consortium of NLUs has completed two rounds of CLAT UG counselling 2025 and the third is the final round.

This Story also Contains
  1. CLAT 2025 Counselling Dates
  2. CLAT Counselling 2025 Process
  3. CLAT Counselling 2025 Invite List
  4. How to Register for CLAT Counselling 2025?
  5. NLU Preference List for CLAT 2025 Counselling
  6. CLAT Counselling 2025 Fees
  7. CLAT 2025 Seat Intake
  8. CLAT Cut-Off 2025
CLAT Counselling 2025 (Started): Third UG Merit List (Out), Fees, Document
CLAT Counselling 2025 (Started): Third UG Merit List (Out), Fees, Document

In both UG and PG CLAT exams, candidates can obtain seats in only those universities that are part of their NLU preferences. It must be noted that RPNLU Prayagraj and IIULER Goa are now part of the Consortium of NLUs and are conducting admissions through the CLAT 2025 counselling process. Only those candidates who clear the CLAT 2025 cut-off for each round of counselling can obtain seat allotment. The Consortium of NLUs has declared the revised CLAT PG results as per the Delhi HC orders on June 10, 2025. The CLAT 2025 revised result was declared on May 17, 2025.

CLAT 2025 Counselling Dates

Event

Dates (UG) Dates (PG)

CLAT 2025 exam date

December 1, 2024 (Sunday, 2 pm to 4 pm)


December 1, 2024 (Sunday, 2 pm to 4 pm)

Release of provisional answer key

December 2, 2024, 4 PM

December 1, 2024 (Sunday, 2 pm to 4 pm)

Objection raising window

December 2-3, 2024 up to 4 PM

December 2-3, 2024 up to 4 PM

Release of final answer key

December 7, 2024

December 7, 2024

CLAT 2025 result date

December 7, 2024 (old result)

December 7, 2024 (old result)
CLAT 2025 revised result dateMay 17, 2025 (Out)June 10, 2025
CLAT 2025 counselling registration opensMay 17, 2025, 4 pmJune 11, 2025
Last to register for counsellingMay 21, 2025, 5 pmJune 13, 2025
Publication of the first allotment listMay 26, 2025 at 10:00 A.M (Out)June 17, 2025 (10 am)
Payment of confirmation fee for freeze and float option

May 26, 2025, 10:00 am to May 30, 2025, 1:00 pm

June 20, 2025 (1 pm)
Publication of second allotment listJune 04, 2025, 10:00 A.M (Out)June 24, 2025 (10 am)
Payment of confirmation fee for freeze and float optionJune 04, 2025, 10:00 am to June 09, 2025, 1:00 P.MJune 27, 2025 (1 pm)
Payment of University Fee (after adjusting the Confirmation Fee and Counselling Registration Fee) to NLU concerned for all candidates who have chosen the Freeze Option in the counselling process during First and Second counselling roundsJune 14, 2025 by 5.00 PMJune 30, 2025 (5 pm)
Publication of Third Allotment ListJune 20, 2025, 10:00 A.M. (Out)July 04, 2025 (10 am)
Payment of confirmation fee for freeze and float optionJune 20, 2025, 10:00 am to June 23, 2025, 1:00 pmJuly 07, 2025 (1 pm)

Payment of University Fee (after adjusting the Confirmation Fee and Counselling Registration Fee) to NLU concerned for all candidates who have chosen the Freeze Option in the third and final round of counselling process


June 27, 2025, by 5.00 PMJuly 10, 2025 (5 pm)

CLAT Counselling 2025 Process

The CLAT counselling process starts after the declaration of the CLAT 2025 result by the consortium. Given below is the video that describes the various steps involved in CLAT counselling 2025 to gain NLU admission which must be duly followed by the candidates.


Steps in CLAT 2025 Counselling Process

  • Declaration of CLAT 2025 result: The Consortium of NLUs declared the CLAT 2025 revised result on May 17, 2024.

  • CLAT 2025 counselling registration window: Candidates who have a valid score in CLAT 2025 can register for the counselling process through their CLAT login paying the CLAT 2025 counselling registration fees. Candidates are also required to submit the NLU preference list 2025 after the CLAT 2025 result is declared.

  • Publication of CLAT 2025 allotment list: After closing the CLAT counselling 2025 registration, the authorities will publish the NLU-wise CLAT 2025 allotment list, which contains the details of the candidates shortlisted for admission in a particular round.

  • Exercising freeze/ float/ exit: Shortlisted candidates are required to exercise one among freeze, float, or exit options. Candidates who are satisfied with their allotted seats or those who have got their first NLU preference can choose the freeze option. Candidates who are not satisfied with the allotted seat or those who have not got their first NLU preference, and want to be considered for further admission, must choose the float option. Candidates who wish to exit the counselling process must choose the exit option. Candidates who do not choose any of the three options will be considered to have exited the counselling process and the registration fee will be forfeited.

  • Payment of confirmation fee: The candidates who choose the freeze or float option must pay the confirmation fee of Rs 20000. The confirmation fee will be adjusted against the balance of university fees to be paid at the time of admission.

  • Payment of university fee: Candidates are required to pay the university fee within the prescribed deadline and complete their seat allotment.

  • Reporting and document verification: Candidates are required to report to the allotted NLU and complete document verification and other formalities in the CLAT 2025 admission process.

UPES Integrated LLB Admissions 2025

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ICFAI-LAW School BA-LLB / BBA-LLB Admissions 2025

Ranked 1 st among Top Law Schools of super Excellence in India - GHRDC | NAAC A+ Accredited | #36 by NIRF

CLAT Counselling 2025 Invite List

The Consortium prepared the CLAT 2025 counselling invite list as per the revised result. All eligible candidates received an SMS/email from the Consortium of NLUs, inviting them to participate in the CLAT 2025 counselling process after the results are declared. Such candidates are eligible to register for counselling. Candidates have to validate the invitation through their CLAT 2025 account. The invited candidates must register for the process through their CLAT login after paying the registration fee and uploading the required documents. Candidates who had completed their registration and are still invited as per the new result need not register again.

How to Register for CLAT Counselling 2025?

The consortium of NLUs sends an invitation on the registered email ID mobile number to the shortlisted candidates to register for CLAT counselling. The invitation to register for CLAT 2025 counselling will also be available in the candidate’s CLAT account.

Steps to Register for CLAT 2025 Counselling

  • Visit the official website - consortiumofnlus.ac.in.

  • Log in to the CLAT 2025 account and validate the invitation for CLAT counselling 2025.

  • Click on the “Make Payment” option.

  • Candidates have to provide the bank account details into which, refunds, if any will be processed.

  • Complete payment of the CLAT 2025 counselling registration fee

  • Upon receipt of the successful payment message, the CLAT 2025 counselling registration will be completed.

CLAT 2025 College Predictor
Know your admission chances in National Law Universities based on your home state & exam result for All India Category & State Category seat.
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Documents Required for CLAT 2025 Counselling

  • Marksheet of Class 10th/12th/graduation (if applicable)

  • CLAT 2025 admit card

  • Transfer Certificate

  • Migration Certificate

  • Caste certificate (if applicable)

  • Income certificate (if applicable)

  • Domicile certificate (if applicable)

Symbiosis Law School Pune Admissions 2025

NAAC A++ Accredited | Ranked #5 by NIRF

MAHE Law Admissions 2025

Internship Opportunities in leading Law Firms, Industry, Governmental Departments and NGOs

NLU Preference List for CLAT 2025 Counselling

Candidates had to provide their NLU preferences through their CLAT login after the declaration of the CLAT 2025 result. Candidates should provide a minimum of 15 NLU preferences. There is no limit on the maximum NLU choices that can be submitted. Giving maximum choices for NLU preferences will increase one's chances of obtaining admission in CLAT counselling 2025. They can gain admission in only those NLUs which are part of their preferences. Candidates can check the rank-wise NLU list to decide the order in which NLU preference should be submitted. Candidates who had completed the CLAT 2025 NLU preference list earlier and have been invited for the counselling as per the revised result can edit the preference list.

Steps to fill NLU Preferences

  • Visit the official website - consortiumofnlus.ac.in

  • Log in to CLAT 2025 account

  • Click on update preferences

  • Select the NLUs in the order of preference

CLAT Counselling 2025 Fees

The candidates have to pay three types of fees during the CLAT 2025 counselling process. The details of the CLAT 2025 counselling fees are given in the table below.

CLAT Counselling Fees

Type of feeAmountDetails

CLAT 2025 counselling registration fee

Rs 30000 for general, Rs 20000 for ST/ SC/ OBC/ BC/ EWS/ PWD

Fees to be paid to register fr the counselling process

Confirmation fee

Rs 20000

Fees to be paid to confirm the allotted seat

Balance university fees

-

Balance 1st-semester fees to be paid after adjusting the confirmation fee. Varies across NLUs.

Refund of CLAT 2025 Counselling Fees

There are several circumstances under which candidates can get their CLAT 2025 counselling registration fee refunded. Similarly, under certain conditions, the CLAT 2025 counselling fees can be forfeited. All the refunds will be processed in the same bank account as provided by the candidate at the time of registration. Given below are the details.

  • If a candidate fails to get a seat in the CLAT counselling process, the counselling registration fee will be refunded in full.

  • If a candidate exits the CLAT counselling 2025 process by choosing the exit option, the counselling registration fee will be refunded in full

  • The confirmation fee paid by the candidate who selected freeze or float options is non-refundable.

  • If a candidate opts for freeze or float option and pays the confirmation fee but later exits from the process will have to forfeit the confirmation fee. The counselling registration fee for such candidates will be refunded either in full or after a deduction of Rs 5000 if the exit is exercised after a specified deadline.

  • If a candidate is found to be ineligible by the NLUs upon document verification at the time of admission, the counselling registration fee will be refunded after a deduction of Rs 5000

CLAT 2025 Seat Intake

The table below provides the CLAT 2025 seat intake in the counselling process. As per the CLAT 2025 reservation criteria, some seats come under NRI, foreign nationals and supernumerary categories. The admissions to these seats will not be done through the centralised counselling process. Such candidates have to apply to the respective institute separately. RPNLU Prayagraj and IIULER Goa are the new additions to the CLAT counselling 2025 as they are now part of the Consortium of NLUs.

CLAT 2025 Seat Matrix

Given below is the seat intake through CLAT 2025 counselling for UG and PG courses at the participating CLAT colleges 2025.

NLU CLAT UG 2025 Seat Intake and Courses Offered

NLU NameCourseCLATSeats

NLSIU Bengaluru

BA LLB (Hons.)

310

NALSAR Hyderabad

BA LLB (Hons.)

132

NLIU Bhopal

BA LLB (Hons.)

116


BSc LLB (Hons.)

59

WBNUJS Kolkata

BA LLB (Hons.)

108


B.Sc LLB (Hons.)

50

NLU Jodhpur

BA LLB (Hons.)

164



BBA LLB (Hons.)

HNLU Raipur

BA LLB (Hons.)

170

GNLU Gandhinagar

5-year LLB (BA LLB(Hons.); BCom LLB(Hons.); BSc LLB (Hons.); BBA LLB(Hons) and BSW LLB(Hons)

172

GNLU Silvassa Campus

BA LLB (Hons)

66

RMNLU Luknow

BA LLB (Hons)

169

RGNUL Patiala

BA LLB (Hons)

180

CNLU Patna

BA LLB (Hons)

69


BBA LLB (Hons)

69

NUALS Kochi

BA LLB (Hons)

60

NLUO Cuttack

BA LLB (Hons)

106


BBA LLB (Hons)

53

NUSRL Ranchi

BA LLB (Hons)

120


BBA LLB (Hons)

60

NLUJA Kamrup

BA LLB (Hons)

60

DSNLU Visakhapatnam

BA LLB (Hons)

120

TNNLU Tiruchirappalli

BA LLB (Hons)

56


BCom LLB (Hons)

56

MNLU Mumbai

BA LLB (Hons)

100

MNLU Nagpur

BA LLB (Hons)

120

BA LLB (Hons in Adjudication and Justicing)

60

BBA LLB (Hons)

60

MNLU Aurangabad

BA LLB (Hons.)

60


BBA LLB (Hons)

60

HPNLU Shimla

BA LLB (Hons)

120


BBA LLB (Hons)

60

DNLU Jabalpur

BA LLB (Hons)

120

DBRANLU Sonepat

BA LLB (Hons)

120

NLU Tripura

BA LLB (Hons)

60

RPNLU PrayagrajBA LLB (Hons)60
IIULER GoaBA LLB (Hons.)
BBA LLB (Hons.)
180

Total


3695

CLAT 2025 PG Seats

NLU NameCourseCLAT Seats

NLSIU Bengaluru

LLM

120

NALSAR Hyderabad

LLM

66

NLIU Bhopal

LLM

60

WBNUJS Kolkata

LLM

100

NLU Jodhpur

LLM

80

HNLU Raipur

LLM

90

GNLU Gandhinagar

LLM

57

GNLU Silvassa Campus

LLM

33

RMLNLU Lucknow

LLM

48

RGNUL Patiala

LLM

58

NUALS Kochi

LLM

60

NLUO Cuttack

LLM

44

NUSRL Ranchi

LLM

60

NLUJA Kamrup

LLM

40

DSNLU Visakhapatnam

LLM

60

TNNLU Tiruchirappalli

LLM Corporate and Securities Laws

20


LLM Intellectual Property Law

20


LLM (Natural Resources Law)

20

MNLU Mumbai

LLM

50

MNLU Nagpur

LLM

60

MNLU Aurangabad

LLM

60

HPNLU Shimla

LLM

80

DNLU Jabalpur

LLM

50

NLU Tripura

LLM

50

RPNLU PrayagrajLLM10
IIULER GoaLLM40

Total


1436

CLAT Cut-Off 2025

Only those candidates who clear the CLAT 2025 cut-off for a particular round of CLAT counselling 2025 will be able to participate in the admissions and gain seat allotment. The CLAT cut-off 2025 will be available in the CLAT merit list published before the start of each round. The CLAT cut-off is expressed in terms of the rank of the last candidate admitted into a particular category into a particular NLU.

CLAT UG Cut-Off 2025- Opening and Closing Ranks After Three Counselling Rounds

NLUGeneral
EWSOBCSCST
Opening RankClosing RankOpening RankClosing RankOpening RankClosing RankOpening RankClosing RankOpening RankClosing Rank
NLSIU Bengaluru1112119703209154118231336783396
NALSAR Hyderabad1715937254633312191483327313113621
NLIU Bhopal (BA LLB)2574807871377165817575077576361668243
NLIU Bhopal (BSc LLB)4869151338199722172464676486251038411901
WBNUJS Kolkata( BA LLB)57327--1359*4168*3048475348236343
WBNUJS Kolkata (BSc.LLB Hons)299711--4168*4596*4244698789949739
NLU Jodhpur159367542986133317763343544543435955
HNLU Raipur480807--2156240862327660974610507
GNLU Gandhinagar236444819111813962303974593444578568
GNLU Silvassa Campus75514611447262027452620858488261232015112
RMLNLU Lucknow4617801327*2088*1064*3769*1832*11228*19305*-
RGNUL Patiala5651279--
-20678625754012742
CNLU Patna (BA LLB)88213981420*1950*1861*7359*7884*12662*16829*-
CNLU Patna (BBA LLB)121515551928*2316*3106*8364*12269*15833*27043*-
NUALS Kochi35013464238*22632*--9871*15029*32306*-
NLU Odisha BA LLB4691013----31967247892012967
NLU Odisha BBA LLB5521176----763078911092115161
NUSRL Ranchi BA LLB86416671501255116713597854299021001515023
NUSRL Ranchi BBA LLB116417602052271418454096849338622*1057313619
NLUJA Assam116321413740*18701*10753*40275*4020*26413*8513*39689*
DSNLU Visakhapatnam95716821506257124723813819893301350615632
TNNLU Tiruchirappalli BA LLB12311763--204540826291103271421115384
TNNLU Tiruchirappalli BCom LLB12591947--34324987657112470--
MNLU Mumbai44314732524*7523*4161*8067*7180*1562210288*13124*
MNLU Nagpur - BA LLB72215297863*16868*2230*15059*13180*27496*43425*16868*
MNLU Nagpur - BBA LLB1214162313166*19846*9041*16794*17024*26619*41775*19846*
MNLU Aurangabad- BA LLB102319498328*23203*11062*19813*7378*30029*55196*23203*
MNLU Aurangabad - BBA LLB136123938244*19846*15631*21108*22029*31652*56594*19846*
HPNLU Shimla - BA LLB9492555----8641115971349918083
HPNLU Shimla - BBA LLB12982634----9542138861563219910
MPDNLU Jabalpur1371224321122922376642289959110651367420674
DBRANLU Sonepat626193017682727217342107991128021263019973
NLUT Agartala19642855----29955*49197*25887*-
RPNLU Prayagraj144624692636*3726*3454*5559*12017*21354*-25539*
IIULER Goa BA LLB1314278424463623272155976774144121236221325
IIULER Goa BA LLB11982832272737514440589211342148671109322260

*state category reservation

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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. Has CLAT 2025 counselling started?

Yes, the CLAT counselling 2025 has started from May 17, 2025 from 4 pm till May 21 till 5 pm. The CLAT PG counselling started on June 11.

2. How to register for CLAT counselling 2025?

Candidates can register for CLAT 2025 counselling through their login after paying the CLAT 2025 counselling registration fee.

3. How many seats are there in CLAT 2025?

There are 4000+ 5-year LLB seats and 1500+ seats in LLM in the CLAT 2025 counselling process.

4. When does CLAT counselling start?

CLAT 2025 counselling registration window was open from May 17 to May 21.  The PG counselling registration window is June 11 to June 13, 2025.

5. How many students are invited for CLAT counselling

All candidates who have a valid score in CLAT are eligible to register for the counselling process.

6. What happens in CLAT counselling

During CLAT counselling, candidates must register for the counseling process by paying the registration fee and providing NLU choices. The seat allotment is done as per the candidate's rank and NLU preferences. 

7. Has the CLAT 2025 counselling been delayed?

Yes, the CLAT 2025 counselling was delayed due to Delhi High Court's order directing the consortium to publish revised CLAT results.

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Questions related to CLAT

Have a question related to CLAT ?

With an All India SC category rank of 1561 in CLAT, you have a strong chance of getting admission into several National Law Universities through the counselling rounds. Based on past year trends, this rank can fetch you a seat in NLUs like NLIU Bhopal, HNLU Raipur, RGNUL Patiala, and possibly even higher-ranked ones like WBNUJS Kolkata or NLU Jodhpur depending on how cutoffs move in the later rounds.

SC category cutoffs for top NLUs tend to vary each year, but many of them have admitted students with SC ranks between 1500 and 3000, especially in rounds 2 and 3. Your chances increase further if you list a wide range of NLUs in your preference order during counselling. Also, make sure to complete all required counselling steps, document verification, and preference locking on time to avoid missing out.

With your rank, you're well-positioned to get a seat—just stay active in the admission process and keep checking updates from the CLAT consortium.

Dear student,

For Delhi University’s BA LLB program through CLAT, EWS category admissions last year (2024) typically closed around a rank of 1100 to 1200. This means if you scored around 90–95 marks in CLAT, you had a good chance of getting in. The exact cut-off can change slightly each year depending on competition and seat availability, but staying within the top 1200 is generally safe for EWS candidates.

The cutoff for DU  BA LLB  for CLAT ews has not been released yet.You can check the cutoff in this website after notification of release of cutoff - https://clat2024.consortiumofnlus.ac.in/clat-2024/

Yes, you can get direct admission into BBA LLB at VIPS (Vivekananda Institute of Professional Studies) with 82 percent in your Class 12 exams, but not without appearing in CLAT or IPU CET.

VIPS is affiliated with Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University (GGSIPU), and admissions to BBA LLB are done strictly through entrance exams. The primary mode of admission is through CLAT UG, as GGSIPU has adopted CLAT scores for law programs in recent years. Previously, the IPU CET was used for law admissions, but that has been phased out for integrated law courses like BBA LLB.

So, even with a good Class 12 score, you cannot get admission into VIPS for BBA LLB without a valid CLAT score. The university does not allow direct management quota admissions outside the entrance process for its law programs. You may need to wait for the next CLAT attempt or consider private universities that allow direct admission based on 12th marks.

All the best!

Hi Akash,

It is good to see institutions like NMIMS have selected you for master of law based on your CLAT PG scores. If we compare the three then to be very clear:

  • NMIMS Mumbai has strong reputation for it's Kirti Mehra School of Law and has got good academic value.
  • Nirma University is also another good after NMIMS, and has strong reputation for law studies in Gujarat.
  • The DNLU is comparatively newer than the other two and it will take some time to be equivalent to them.

For the best academic value and recognition choose NMIMS, or the Nirma University is also good. The DNLU is newer and can be considered as well but if we choose any one, then it is NMIMS.

ALL THE BEST !

View All

Read the passage carefully and answer the question

The Contract should be performed by the promisor himself. However, in certain cases, it can also be performed by his agents or legal representatives. It all depends upon the intention of the parties. Normally a contract can be performed by the following persons. 

  1. Promisor himself: If from the nature of the contract it appears that it was the intention of the parties that the promise should be performed by the promisor himself, such promise must be performed by the promisor. This usually applies to contracts involving personal skill, task, or artwork. 
  2. Promisor or his Agent: Where the contract does not involve the personal skill of the promisor, the contract could be performed by the promisor himself or by any competent person employed by him for the purpose, 
  3. Legal Representatives: The contracts which do not involve any personal skill or taste, may be performed by his legal representative after the death of the promisor.
  4. Third Person: In some cases, a contract may be performed by a third person provided the promisee accepts the arrangement. According to Section 41 of the Indian Contract Act, once the promisee accepts the performance from a third person, he cannot compel the promisor to perform the contract again. 
  5. Performance of Joint Promises: According to section 42 of the Indian Contract Act, when two or more persons have made a joint promise, the joint promisors must fulfill the promise jointly during their lifetime. And if any one of them dies, then his legal representatives and survivors must jointly fulfill the promise. 

Section 43 of the Indian Contract Act further provides that unless a contrary intention appears from the contract, each joint promisor may compel every other joint promisor to contribute equally to the performance of the promise. If any joint promisor makes a default in such contribution, the remaining joint promisors must bear the loss arising from such default in equal shares.

Question:

Aman received a box of chocolates from Basant and promised to pay Rupees 5000. Later on, A becomes bankrupt. Chetan who is a friend of Aman pays rupees 1000 to Besant on behalf of Aman. Aman is not aware of such a transaction. In civil court, insolvency proceedings have started against Aman. Meanwhile, Basant has also applied for a recovery of 5000 rupees. Decide.

Option: 1

Basant is entitled to recover the amount of 5000 from Aman.


Option: 2

Basant is entitled to recover the amount of 4000 from Aman.


Option: 3

Chetan is entitled to recover the amount of 1000 from Basant.


Option: 4

Basant cannot recover any amount from Aman as he has become insolvent.


Read the passage carefully and answer the question

The Contract should be performed by the promisor himself. However, in certain cases, it can also be performed by his agents or legal representatives. It all depends upon the intention of the parties. Normally a contract can be performed by the following persons. 

  1. Promisor himself: If from the nature of the contract it appears that it was the intention of the parties that the promise should be performed by the promisor himself, such promise must be performed by the promisor. This usually applies to contracts involving personal skill, task, or artwork. 
  2. Promisor or his Agent: Where the contract does not involve the personal skill of the promisor, the contract could be performed by the promisor himself or by any competent person employed by him for the purpose, 
  3. Legal Representatives: The contracts which do not involve any personal skill or taste, may be performed by his legal representative after the death of the promisor.
  4. Third Person: In some cases, a contract may be performed by a third person provided the promisee accepts the arrangement. According to Section 41 of the Indian Contract Act, once the promisee accepts the performance from a third person, he cannot compel the promisor to perform the contract again. 
  5. Performance of Joint Promises: According to section 42 of the Indian Contract Act, when two or more persons have made a joint promise, the joint promisors must fulfill the promise jointly during their lifetime. And if any one of them dies, then his legal representatives and survivors must jointly fulfill the promise. 

Section 43 of the Indian Contract Act further provides that unless a contrary intention appears from the contract, each joint promisor may compel every other joint promisor to contribute equally to the performance of the promise. If any joint promisor makes a default in such contribution, the remaining joint promisors must bear the loss arising from such default in equal shares.

Question:

K promises to paint a picture for L on a certain day, at a certain price. K dies before the day of the contract. Decide. 

Option: 1

The contract can be enforced by K’s representative 


Option: 2

The contract can be enforced by L


Option: 3

The contract can be enforced either by K’s representation or by L 


Option: 4

The contract cannot be enforced either by K’s representative, or L


Read the passage carefully and answer the question

The Contract should be performed by the promisor himself. However, in certain cases, it can also be performed by his agents or legal representatives. It all depends upon the intention of the parties. Normally a contract can be performed by the following persons. 

  1. Promisor himself: If from the nature of the contract it appears that it was the intention of the parties that the promise should be performed by the promisor himself, such promise must be performed by the promisor. This usually applies to contracts involving personal skill, task, or artwork. 
  2. Promisor or his Agent: Where the contract does not involve the personal skill of the promisor, the contract could be performed by the promisor himself or by any competent person employed by him for the purpose, 
  3. Legal Representatives: The contracts which do not involve any personal skill or taste, may be performed by his legal representative after the death of the promisor.
  4. Third Person: In some cases, a contract may be performed by a third person provided the promisee accepts the arrangement. According to Section 41 of the Indian Contract Act, once the promisee accepts the performance from a third person, he cannot compel the promisor to perform the contract again. 
  5. Performance of Joint Promises: According to section 42 of the Indian Contract Act, when two or more persons have made a joint promise, the joint promisors must fulfill the promise jointly during their lifetime. And if any one of them dies, then his legal representatives and survivors must jointly fulfill the promise. 

Section 43 of the Indian Contract Act further provides that unless a contrary intention appears from the contract, each joint promisor may compel every other joint promisor to contribute equally to the performance of the promise. If any joint promisor makes a default in such contribution, the remaining joint promisors must bear the loss arising from such default in equal shares.

Question:

Rohan has agreed to manage the catering services during the marriage of Sohan’s son Ramu. On the day of marriage, Rohan felt ill and sent his manager to the management of catering services. Ramu happily gets married to Tina and people appreciated the food and decoration of the event. When Rohan asked Sohan for the remaining amount, he denied it because Rohan himself had not managed so it is a breach. Decide.

 

Option: 1

Rohan is not entitled to get the remaining amount due to a breach of contract.


Option: 2

Rohan is entitled to sue Sohan for the remaining amount.


Option: 3

Rohan is entitled to sue Ramu because it was his marriage.


Option: 4

Instead of Rohan, his manager can only sue Sohan for the breach.


Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.

It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.

The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.

Question:

X is a student of a college and his father Y is a professor in the same college. In one instance, X is caught to be involved in unparliamentary activities inside the college campus. The enquiry committee is set up and Y is appointed as the head of the committee. Decide.

Option: 1

Y is a professor of the same college hence he can become a member of the enquiry committee


Option: 2

Y is X’s father hence he should not be a part of the enquiry committee


Option: 3

Y can be a part of the enquiry committee but cannot be its head


Option: 4

There is no rule that prevents the appointment of Y until he fulfils his function diligently


Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.

It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.

The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.

Question:

Mr X is an employee of a corporate office. His wife Y is a judge. In one instance, X is found to be involved in a money laundering case at his office. The office now files a suit and Y is appointed as the judge for this case. Decide.

Option: 1

Y is a judge by herself, hence can be appointed to adjudicate this case


Option: 2

Y is can be appointed as a judge only if she fulfils her responsibilities without any bias


Option: 3

Y can adjudicate the case and if the company finds the penalty to be insufficient then they can appeal against it


Option: 4

Y cannot be the judge in this case ab initio


Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.

It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.

The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.

Question:

X was a renowned cricketer in the 1980s. His son Y is a struggling cricketer who has been trying to get into the national team for many years. In the year 2020, X is appointed as a member of the selection committee. In the match which is supposed to decide the final team of the nation, Y scores a century and Z scores 65 runs. However, Z is selected to represent India and Y is not. Y now appeals against the decision, the main ground being the presence of X in the committee. Decide.

Option: 1

The appeal will stand as Y scored a century yet Z was selected after scoring 65 runs


Option: 2

The appeal will be quashed since X’s presence should have benefitted Y, but it didn’t, hence the rejection of Y is valid


Option: 3

The appeal will stand as X’s presence is a factor of bias


Option: 4

The appeal will be quashed since X was a renowned cricketer


Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.

It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.

The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.

Question:

X is a married judge who is well known for his honesty in the entire city. He has a son Y. One fine day Y gets kidnapped and the kidnapper demands a sum of 20 lakhs from X. However, the kidnapper is caught by the police. X is now appointed as the judge for the hearing of the kidnapper. Decide.

Option: 1

X can be the judge since he can decide the punishment better as he was the sufferer


Option: 2

X cannot be the judge since there is a possibility that he will be biased while delivering the judgement


Option: 3

X can be the judge since he is renowned for his honesty and fulfil his duties


Option: 4

X can be the judge but his statement can be appealed against if delivered with bias


Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.

It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.

The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.

Question:

X and Y have been married for five years. X is a judge and Y is a doctor. X is pretty much unhappy with his married life so he wants to divorce Y. Y refuses to agree to a divorce by mutual consent hence X files a suit against Y. Decide.

Option: 1

X cannot file a suit since he is a judge


Option: 2

X can file a suit against Y in legal capacity but not as a judge


Option: 3

X cannot file a divorce suit against Y since there is no valid ground for divorce


Option: 4

X can proceed with mutual consent but not contested divorce


Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

In the case of M/S Halonex Limited, 59-A Noida vs State of U.P., it was held that “In reply to the aforesaid submission, learned counsel for opposite party no.2 submitted that the case of the applicants that no amount is due from their side to the complainant is a matter of defence which cannot be considered at this stage. It has been submitted that the term 'entrustment' as used in Section 405 IPC has been given a wider interpretation. It has been submitted that the goods returned by the complainant to the Company for replacement or for reimbursement would be deemed to have been entrusted to the Company and as the applicants 2 & 3 were handling its affair they become responsible. To buttress the said submission, the learned counsel for the complainant drew the attention of the Court to a decision of the Apex Court in the case of Ram Narayan Popli Vs. Central Bureau of Investigation: (2003) 3 SCC 641, wherein it was observed that: "the term "entrustment" is not necessarily a term of law. It may have different implications in different contexts. In its most general signification all it imports is the handing over possession for some purpose which may not imply the conferring of any proprietary right at all." Attention was also drawn to an observation made in the judgment of the aforesaid case, where it was observed that: "to establish the charge of criminal breach of trust, the prosecution is not obliged to prove the precise mode of conversion, misappropriation or misapplication by the accused of the property entrusted to him or over which he has dominion. The principal ingredient of the offence being dishonest misappropriation or conversion which may not ordinarily be a matter of direct proof, entrustment of property and failure in breach of an obligation to account for the property entrusted if proved, may, in the light of other circumstances, justifiably lead to an inference of dishonest misappropriation or conversion”.

Question:

X tracks down an expensive necklace on the road. Not knowing to whom it belongs. X sells it promptly to a jeweller without attempting to find the owner or submitting the necklace to the authorities. Decide the liability of X.

Option: 1

Extortion


Option: 2

Criminal breach of trust


Option: 3

Theft


Option: 4

Criminal misappropriation of Property


Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

In the case of M/S Halonex Limited, 59-A Noida vs State of U.P., it was held that “In reply to the aforesaid submission, learned counsel for opposite party no.2 submitted that the case of the applicants that no amount is due from their side to the complainant is a matter of defence which cannot be considered at this stage. It has been submitted that the term 'entrustment' as used in Section 405 IPC has been given a wider interpretation. It has been submitted that the goods returned by the complainant to the Company for replacement or for reimbursement would be deemed to have been entrusted to the Company and as the applicants 2 & 3 were handling its affair they become responsible. To buttress the said submission, the learned counsel for the complainant drew the attention of the Court to a decision of the Apex Court in the case of Ram Narayan Popli Vs. Central Bureau of Investigation: (2003) 3 SCC 641, wherein it was observed that: "the term "entrustment" is not necessarily a term of law. It may have different implications in different contexts. In its most general signification all it imports is the handing over possession for some purpose which may not imply the conferring of any proprietary right at all." Attention was also drawn to an observation made in the judgment of the aforesaid case, where it was observed that: "to establish the charge of criminal breach of trust, the prosecution is not obliged to prove the precise mode of conversion, misappropriation or misapplication by the accused of the property entrusted to him or over which he has dominion. The principal ingredient of the offence being dishonest misappropriation or conversion which may not ordinarily be a matter of direct proof, entrustment of property and failure in breach of an obligation to account for the property entrusted if proved, may, in the light of other circumstances, justifiably lead to an inference of dishonest misappropriation or conversion”.

Question:

P borrows from L his phone for using it to call his parents. However, when L is distracted, P removes the memory card of the phone and later on sells it. Decide the liability of P.

Option: 1

P is guilty under dishonest misappropriation of property

 


Option: 2

P is not guilty for any offence since the phone was given with consent


Option: 3

P is guilty for theft


Option: 4

P has been handed over the phone, so he has the right to use it as he likes


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