The Consortium of National Law Universities (NLUs) has informed Careers360 that it will open the CLAT 2026 application form in July 2025. Candidates can register online from the official website: consortiumofnlus.ac.in. The Consortium of National Law Universities will conduct CLAT 2026 tentatively on December 7, 2025. Around 60,000 candidates are expected to appear for CLAT UG and 10,000 candidates are expected to appear for CLAT PG 2026. The CLAT UG syllabus will have sections on English Language, Current Affairs, Legal Reasoning, Logical Reasoning, and Quantitative Techniques. The CLAT PG syllabus covers various areas of law. CLAT 2026 will be conducted in offline mode at exam centres in 131 cities across India. The revised CLAT exam pattern has only 120 questions spread across the five sections and candidates get two hours to complete the exam.
Candidates can gain admission into 5-year LLB programmes by appearing in Common Law Admission Test. On the other hand, they can gain admission into LLM programmes by appearing in the Common Law Admission Test-PG. Currently, 24 NLUs are participating in CLAT, which together offer around 3400 seats in 5-year LLB and around 1300 seats in LLM.
CLAT 2026 Highlights
Particulars
Details
Name
Common Law Admission Test
Short name
CLAT, CLAT PG
Conducting body
Consortium of NLUs
Frequency
Once a year
Mode of exam
Offline
Duration
120 minutes
Type of questions
MCQs
Courses offered
5-year LLB, LLM
Participating NLUs
24
Seats
5-year LLB - 3400+ LLM - 1300+
CLAT 2026 Exam Date
The Consortium of NLUs will notify the CLAT exam date on its official website, consortiumofnlus.ac.in. CLAT 2026 is likely to be conducted on the first Sunday of December 2025 which will fall on December 7, 2025. Aspiring candidates must keep track of the important dates for CLAT 2026 to successfully register and appear for the exam. The table given below provides the important dates for CLAT 2026. The dates are tentative and will be updated upon release of official notification.
Parul University Law Admissions 2025
Registrations Deadline- 05th July | India's youngest NAAC A++ accredited University | NIRF rank band 151-200 | Approved by Bar Council of India
The Consortium of NLUs prescribes the CLAT eligibility criteria 2026 on its official website. The CLAT eligibility criteria include conditions about minimum educational qualifications, minimum required passing marks and age limit if any. Candidates must ensure they fulfil the eligibility criteria of CLAT 2026 before registering and appearing for the exam. Candidates who do not satisfy the CLAT 2026 eligibility criteria at any stage of the admission process will be disqualified.
CLAT Eligibility Criteria 2026
Particulars
Dates
Educational qualification
10+2 or equivalent
Minimum passing marks
45% for general / OBC and 40% for SC/ST candidates
Age limit
No age limit
CLAT Application Form 2026
The Consortium of NLUs will open the CLAT application form in July 2025. Candidates can submit the CLAT application form 2026 from the consortium’s official website. To submit the application form of CLAT 2026, candidates must follow steps such as registration, filling out application form details, and payment of the application fee. The deadline to submit the CLAT 2026 application form is likely to be the first week of November 2025.
Steps to Complete CLAT 2026 Application Form
Candidates must visit the official website- consortiumofnlus.ac.in to submit the CLAT 2026 application form. Given below are the various steps involved in the submission of the application form of CLAT 2026.
Step 1: Registration
Candidates must first complete the initial registration to generate CLAT login credentials which is the first step in the CLAT application form 2026 process. The candidates will be required to provide their email ID and mobile number to set up their CLAT 2026 account. Candidates must preserve these login credentials as they would need to log in to their account at various stages of the CLAT 2026 admission process such as downloading the CLAT admit card, checking the CLAT result, and registering for CLAT 2026 counselling.
Step 2: Filling up details in CLAT 2026 application form
The second step in the CLAT 2026 application process is to fill up the details in the application form. These details include the following:
Personal details: This includes providing personal information regarding one’s name, parent's name, date of birth, and category.
Educational qualification: The candidate has to provide details about their educational qualification, namely class 10 and Class 12 details.
Communication details: Here, the applicant must provide the permanent address and communication address details. However, it must be noted that the entire admission and counselling process is conducted in online mode.
Uploading of documents: Candidates have to upload their passport-size photograph and signature as per the prescribed format and specifications.
CLAT 2025 College Predictor
Know your admission chances in National Law Universities based on your home state & exam result for All India Category & State Category seat.
The next step for the candidate is to provide the CLAT 2026 exam centre preferences. A candidate can provide a maximum of 3 choices in the order of their preference. The consortium will allot the exam centre after considering the availability and the preferences submitted by the candidate.
Step 4: NLU preferences
The applicants are required to submit their NLU preferences at the time of submitting the CLAT 2026 application form. The candidates would be considered for admission in only those NLUs that they have included in their CLAT NLU preference list. It is therefore important for candidates to carefully assess their level of preparation and chances of selection in a given NLU before submitting their preferences.
Step 5: Payment of CLAT 2026 application fee
The last step in the CLAT 2026 application process is the payment of the prescribed CLAT application fee. Only after payment of the application fee will a candidate be able to complete CLAT 2026 registration. The table given below describes the CLAT 2026 application fees.
CLAT 2026 registration fees
Category
Fees
General/OBC/PwD/NRI/PIO//OCI category
Rs. 4,000
SC/ST/BPL category
Rs. 3,500
CLAT Syllabus 2026
The Consortium prescribes the CLAT 2026 syllabus on its official website. The syllabus of CLAT 2026 contains five sections namely English Language, Current Affairs including GK, Legal Reasoning, Logical Reasoning, and Quantitative Techniques. The CLAT PG syllabus includes topics on different areas of law. Aspiring candidates must carefully go through the CLAT syllabus 2026 to chart out a study plan for CLAT preparation. This will help candidates understand the important topics for each section of CLAT.
CLAT UG Syllabus 2026
Sections
Weight
Topics
English Language
20%
Grammar and sentence correction, synonyms & antonyms, tense, voice
Current Affairs including GK
25%
National and international events, science and technology, science & technology, summits & conferences, sports, awards & honors, arts & culture, important historical events
Constitutional law, jurisprudence, administrative law, contract law, torts, family law, international law, tax law, environmental law, labour law, criminal law, property law, company law
CLAT 2026 Exam Pattern
The Consortium of NLUs prescribes the CLAT exam pattern on its official website. The exam pattern of CLAT 2026 provides information on the test structure, the number of questions, sections, and marking scheme in the exam. A thorough understanding of the CLAT 2026 exam pattern is essential to come on top in the exam. The CLAT exam pattern consists of 4-6 passages in each section which are then followed by multiple-choice questions based on the passage. Each question in CLAT 2026 carries one mark and there will be a negative marking of 0.25 for every wrong answer.
CLAT Exam Pattern 2026
Particulars
No. of questions
Marks
Marking scheme
English
22-26
22-26
1 mark per question. 0.25 negative mark for every wrong answer.
CLAT2026 is considered one of the most difficult law entrance exams in India. It is very reading-intensive and lengthy and sees intense competition every year. A good level of CLAT 2026 preparation will enable a candidate to bag the limited seats on offer at top NLUs. A few section-wise tips on how to prepare for CLAT are given below.
CLAT English Language Preparation Tips
The CLAT English language section is a test of one’s reading and comprehension skills and proficiency in grammar. Candidates must develop regular reading habits to improve their reading speed. They can also refer to CLAT English books on grammar, and flashcards to develop a good vocabulary.
The passages in the English section are mostly snippets taken from articles appearing in newspapers or magazines. So, candidates must also build a habit of reading daily newspapers and magazines to find it easy during the exam.
CLAT Current Affairs including GK Preparation Tips
The CLAT current affairs and GK section has questions that focus on recent events or any events from the past that have contemporary relevance. Candidates must stay updated with current affairs by following the news regularly. They can also make use of knowledge encyclopedias such as Manorama yearbook or Lucent’s GK. A regular reading habit for law magazines will keep the candidates updated on legal current affairs.
CLAT Legal Reasoning Preparation Tips
Even though the CLAT legal reasoning section does not require the candidate to have prior knowledge of the law, the questions deal with legal principles and concepts that are covered in a given passage based on which the questions are asked. Therefore candidates must refer to good law books that cover various laws such as Constitutional law, criminal law, child rights, and family law among others.
Regularly reading law magazines will also help the candidates develop good legal aptitude and perform well in the legal reasoning section.
CLAT Logical Reasoning Preparation Tips
The CLAT logical reasoning section tests the candidates to think logically and solve problems and puzzles such as directions, seating arrangements, analogies, and blood relations. Candidates must constantly practice with problems and puzzles that require them to apply logical reasoning to sharpen their thinking abilities. They can refer to books such as A Modern Approach to Logical Reasoning by R S Agarwal which will help them in building conceptual clarity and also contain enough practice questions.
CLAT Quantitative Techniques Preparation Tips
The CLAT quantitative techniques section is of class 10th-class level. It tests the candidate's ability to perform basic arithmetic operations, calculating ratios and proportions, profit and loss, and time and work. To prepare for the CLAT maths section, candidates can refer to books such as Quantitative Aptitude for Competitive Examinations by RS Agarwal and the Class 10 NCERT Maths textbook.
CLAT 2026 Answer Key
The Consortium of National Law Universities will release the CLAT 2026 answer key tentatively a day after the exam. Candidates will be allowed to submit their objections against the provisional answer key after paying the prescribed objection fees. After considering the valid objections, the Consortium of NLUs will publish the CLAT 2026 final answer key.
How to Download CLAT 2026 Answer Key?
Candidates can download the answer key of CLAT 2026 by following the steps given below -
Visit the official website - consortiumofnlus.ac.in
In the notification section, click on the answer key link
The CLAT 2026 answer key will be displayed on the screen
Download and save the answer key for future reference.
CLAT 2026 Result
The Consortium of NLUs will declare the CLAT 2026 result tentatively one week after the exam. Candidates will be able to download the CLAT 2026 scorecard from the official website. The result of CLAT 2026 will be declared as per the final answer key. Shortlisted candidates will be invited to participate in the counselling process.
Steps to Download CLAT 2026 Result
Visit the official website - consortiumofnlus.ac.in
Log in to CLAT 2026 account
Click on the CLAT 2026 scorecard link
The CLAT 2026 result will be displayed on the screen
Download and save the result for future reference.
CLAT 2026 Counselling
The Consortium of NLUs will notify the CLAT 2026 counselling schedule on its official website. It will open the counselling registrations tentatively a day after the result. Candidates will be able to register for the counselling through their login after paying the counselling registration fees. Candidates must also provide their NLU preferences at the time of counselling registration. The consortium usually conducts five rounds of CLAT counselling. It will publish the CLAT 2026 merit list for each round of counselling.
Candidates shortlisted in the CLAT 2026 merit list are required to accept the seat by paying the confirmation fees. Later, the candidates must also pay the university fees within the prescribed deadline. to finalise their seat allotment.
CLAT 2026 Counselling Fees
Type of fee
Amount
CLAT 2025 counselling registration fee
Rs 30000 for general, Rs 20000 for ST/ SC/ OBC/ BC/ EWS/ PWD
Confirmation fee
Rs 20000
Balance university fees
-
Participating NLUs in CLAT 2026
Currently, 24 NLUs are participating in CLAT. While all the participating NLUs offer the 5-year LLB programme, there are a few NLUs that don’t offer the LLM programme or do not admit students into LLM through CLAT. The complete list is given below
CLAT 2026 will be conducted tentatively on the first week of December 2025.
2.What are the courses offered through CLAT 2026?
Through CLAT 2026 candidates can get admission into 5-year LLB and LLM programmes of participating NLUs.
3.Who is eligible for CLAT 2026?
Candidates who have cleared 10+2 or are appearing for their class 12 exams are eligible to appear for CLAT 2026. Graduates who have completed either a 3-year LLB or a 5-year LLB are eligible to apply for CLAT PG.
4.Is CLAT 2026 online or offline?
CLAT 2026 will be conducted in offline mode.
5.When will CLAT 2026 application form open?
The CLAT 2026 application form will open tentatively in July 2025.
6.How to prepare for CLAT 2026?
Candidates should refer to good CLAT books to build a solid conceptual understanding. They must also practise with the previous year's question papers of CLAT to build speed and improve performance on the exam day. Additionally, candidates can also enrol for CLAT coaching if they need proper guidance and mentorship during their preparation.
7.What are the sections in CLAT 2026?
The sections in CLAT 2026 are English, current affairs including GK, legal reasoning, logical reasoning, and quantitative techniques.
For Delhi University’s BA LLB program through CLAT, EWS category admissions last year (2024) typically closed around a rank of 1100 to 1200. This means if you scored around 90–95 marks in CLAT, you had a good chance of getting in. The exact cut-off can change slightly each year depending on competition and seat availability, but staying within the top 1200 is generally safe for EWS candidates.
The cutoff for DU BA LLB for CLAT ews has not been released yet.You can check the cutoff in this website after notification of release of cutoff -
https://clat2024.consortiumofnlus.ac.in/clat-2024/
Yes, you can get direct admission into BBA LLB at VIPS (Vivekananda Institute of Professional Studies) with 82 percent in your Class 12 exams, but not without appearing in CLAT or IPU CET.
VIPS is affiliated with Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University (GGSIPU), and admissions to BBA LLB are done strictly through entrance exams. The primary mode of admission is through CLAT UG, as GGSIPU has adopted CLAT scores for law programs in recent years. Previously, the IPU CET was used for law admissions, but that has been phased out for integrated law courses like BBA LLB.
So, even with a good Class 12 score, you cannot get admission into VIPS for BBA LLB without a valid CLAT score. The university does not allow direct management quota admissions outside the entrance process for its law programs. You may need to wait for the next CLAT attempt or consider private universities that allow direct admission based on 12th marks.
It is good to see institutions like NMIMS have selected you for master of law based on your CLAT PG scores. If we compare the three then to be very clear:
NMIMS Mumbai has strong reputation for it's Kirti Mehra School of Law and has got good academic value.
Nirma University is also another good after NMIMS, and has strong reputation for law studies in Gujarat.
The DNLU is comparatively newer than the other two and it will take some time to be equivalent to them.
For the best academic value and recognition choose NMIMS, or the Nirma University is also good. The DNLU is newer and can be considered as well but if we choose any one, then it is NMIMS.
With an All India Rank (AIR) of 38095 and OBC rank of 7627, it is very difficult to get a seat in any of the NLUs, even under the Tamil Nadu government school quota. Most NLUs close their OBC seats at a much lower rank. Also, the government school quota is not accepted by all NLUs.
You can still attend all rounds of
CLAT counselling
and keep checking for any vacancy or special rounds, but chances are very low with this rank. It is better to also look for other good law colleges as a backup.
Read the passage carefully and answer the question
The Contract should be performed by the promisor himself. However, in certain cases, it can also be performed by his agents or legal representatives. It all depends upon the intention of the parties. Normally a contract can be performed by the following persons.
Promisor himself: If from the nature of the contract it appears that it was the intention of the parties that the promise should be performed by the promisor himself, such promise must be performed by the promisor. This usually applies to contracts involving personal skill, task, or artwork.
Promisor or his Agent: Where the contract does not involve the personal skill of the promisor, the contract could be performed by the promisor himself or by any competent person employed by him for the purpose,
Legal Representatives: The contracts which do not involve any personal skill or taste, may be performed by his legal representative after the death of the promisor.
Third Person: In some cases, a contract may be performed by a third person provided the promisee accepts the arrangement. According to Section 41 of the Indian Contract Act, once the promisee accepts the performance from a third person, he cannot compel the promisor to perform the contract again.
Performance of Joint Promises: According to section 42 of the Indian Contract Act, when two or more persons have made a joint promise, the joint promisors must fulfill the promise jointly during their lifetime. And if any one of them dies, then his legal representatives and survivors must jointly fulfill the promise.
Section 43 of the Indian Contract Act further provides that unless a contrary intention appears from the contract, each joint promisor may compel every other joint promisor to contribute equally to the performance of the promise. If any joint promisor makes a default in such contribution, the remaining joint promisors must bear the loss arising from such default in equal shares.
Question:
Aman received a box of chocolates from Basant and promised to pay Rupees 5000. Later on, A becomes bankrupt. Chetan who is a friend of Aman pays rupees 1000 to Besant on behalf of Aman. Aman is not aware of such a transaction. In civil court, insolvency proceedings have started against Aman. Meanwhile, Basant has also applied for a recovery of 5000 rupees. Decide.
Option: 1
Basant is entitled to recover the amount of 5000 from Aman.
Option: 2
Basant is entitled to recover the amount of 4000 from Aman.
Option: 3
Chetan is entitled to recover the amount of 1000 from Basant.
Option: 4
Basant cannot recover any amount from Aman as he has become insolvent.
Read the passage carefully and answer the question
The Contract should be performed by the promisor himself. However, in certain cases, it can also be performed by his agents or legal representatives. It all depends upon the intention of the parties. Normally a contract can be performed by the following persons.
Promisor himself: If from the nature of the contract it appears that it was the intention of the parties that the promise should be performed by the promisor himself, such promise must be performed by the promisor. This usually applies to contracts involving personal skill, task, or artwork.
Promisor or his Agent: Where the contract does not involve the personal skill of the promisor, the contract could be performed by the promisor himself or by any competent person employed by him for the purpose,
Legal Representatives: The contracts which do not involve any personal skill or taste, may be performed by his legal representative after the death of the promisor.
Third Person: In some cases, a contract may be performed by a third person provided the promisee accepts the arrangement. According to Section 41 of the Indian Contract Act, once the promisee accepts the performance from a third person, he cannot compel the promisor to perform the contract again.
Performance of Joint Promises: According to section 42 of the Indian Contract Act, when two or more persons have made a joint promise, the joint promisors must fulfill the promise jointly during their lifetime. And if any one of them dies, then his legal representatives and survivors must jointly fulfill the promise.
Section 43 of the Indian Contract Act further provides that unless a contrary intention appears from the contract, each joint promisor may compel every other joint promisor to contribute equally to the performance of the promise. If any joint promisor makes a default in such contribution, the remaining joint promisors must bear the loss arising from such default in equal shares.
Question:
K promises to paint a picture for L on a certain day, at a certain price. K dies before the day of the contract. Decide.
Option: 1
The contract can be enforced by K’s representative
Option: 2
The contract can be enforced by L
Option: 3
The contract can be enforced either by K’s representation or by L
Option: 4
The contract cannot be enforced either by K’s representative, or L
Read the passage carefully and answer the question
The Contract should be performed by the promisor himself. However, in certain cases, it can also be performed by his agents or legal representatives. It all depends upon the intention of the parties. Normally a contract can be performed by the following persons.
Promisor himself: If from the nature of the contract it appears that it was the intention of the parties that the promise should be performed by the promisor himself, such promise must be performed by the promisor. This usually applies to contracts involving personal skill, task, or artwork.
Promisor or his Agent: Where the contract does not involve the personal skill of the promisor, the contract could be performed by the promisor himself or by any competent person employed by him for the purpose,
Legal Representatives: The contracts which do not involve any personal skill or taste, may be performed by his legal representative after the death of the promisor.
Third Person: In some cases, a contract may be performed by a third person provided the promisee accepts the arrangement. According to Section 41 of the Indian Contract Act, once the promisee accepts the performance from a third person, he cannot compel the promisor to perform the contract again.
Performance of Joint Promises: According to section 42 of the Indian Contract Act, when two or more persons have made a joint promise, the joint promisors must fulfill the promise jointly during their lifetime. And if any one of them dies, then his legal representatives and survivors must jointly fulfill the promise.
Section 43 of the Indian Contract Act further provides that unless a contrary intention appears from the contract, each joint promisor may compel every other joint promisor to contribute equally to the performance of the promise. If any joint promisor makes a default in such contribution, the remaining joint promisors must bear the loss arising from such default in equal shares.
Question:
Rohan has agreed to manage the catering services during the marriage of Sohan’s son Ramu. On the day of marriage, Rohan felt ill and sent his manager to the management of catering services. Ramu happily gets married to Tina and people appreciated the food and decoration of the event. When Rohan asked Sohan for the remaining amount, he denied it because Rohan himself had not managed so it is a breach. Decide.
Option: 1
Rohan is not entitled to get the remaining amount due to a breach of contract.
Option: 2
Rohan is entitled to sue Sohan for the remaining amount.
Option: 3
Rohan is entitled to sue Ramu because it was his marriage.
Option: 4
Instead of Rohan, his manager can only sue Sohan for the breach.
Read the passage and answer the question that follow.
Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.
It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.
The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.
Question:
X is a student of a college and his father Y is a professor in the same college. In one instance, X is caught to be involved in unparliamentary activities inside the college campus. The enquiry committee is set up and Y is appointed as the head of the committee. Decide.
Option: 1
Y is a professor of the same college hence he can become a member of the enquiry committee
Option: 2
Y is X’s father hence he should not be a part of the enquiry committee
Option: 3
Y can be a part of the enquiry committee but cannot be its head
Option: 4
There is no rule that prevents the appointment of Y until he fulfils his function diligently
Read the passage and answer the question that follow.
Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.
It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.
The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.
Question:
Mr X is an employee of a corporate office. His wife Y is a judge. In one instance, X is found to be involved in a money laundering case at his office. The office now files a suit and Y is appointed as the judge for this case. Decide.
Option: 1
Y is a judge by herself, hence can be appointed to adjudicate this case
Option: 2
Y is can be appointed as a judge only if she fulfils her responsibilities without any bias
Option: 3
Y can adjudicate the case and if the company finds the penalty to be insufficient then they can appeal against it
Read the passage and answer the question that follow.
Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.
It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.
The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.
Question:
X was a renowned cricketer in the 1980s. His son Y is a struggling cricketer who has been trying to get into the national team for many years. In the year 2020, X is appointed as a member of the selection committee. In the match which is supposed to decide the final team of the nation, Y scores a century and Z scores 65 runs. However, Z is selected to represent India and Y is not. Y now appeals against the decision, the main ground being the presence of X in the committee. Decide.
Option: 1
The appeal will stand as Y scored a century yet Z was selected after scoring 65 runs
Option: 2
The appeal will be quashed since X’s presence should have benefitted Y, but it didn’t, hence the rejection of Y is valid
Option: 3
The appeal will stand as X’s presence is a factor of bias
Option: 4
The appeal will be quashed since X was a renowned cricketer
Read the passage and answer the question that follow.
Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.
It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.
The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.
Question:
X is a married judge who is well known for his honesty in the entire city. He has a son Y. One fine day Y gets kidnapped and the kidnapper demands a sum of 20 lakhs from X. However, the kidnapper is caught by the police. X is now appointed as the judge for the hearing of the kidnapper. Decide.
Option: 1
X can be the judge since he can decide the punishment better as he was the sufferer
Option: 2
X cannot be the judge since there is a possibility that he will be biased while delivering the judgement
Option: 3
X can be the judge since he is renowned for his honesty and fulfil his duties
Option: 4
X can be the judge but his statement can be appealed against if delivered with bias
Read the passage and answer the question that follow.
Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.
It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.
The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.
Question:
X and Y have been married for five years. X is a judge and Y is a doctor. X is pretty much unhappy with his married life so he wants to divorce Y. Y refuses to agree to a divorce by mutual consent hence X files a suit against Y. Decide.
Option: 1
X cannot file a suit since he is a judge
Option: 2
X can file a suit against Y in legal capacity but not as a judge
Option: 3
X cannot file a divorce suit against Y since there is no valid ground for divorce
Option: 4
X can proceed with mutual consent but not contested divorce
Read the passage and answer the question that follow.
In the case of M/S Halonex Limited, 59-A Noida vs State of U.P., it was held that “In reply to the aforesaid submission, learned counsel for opposite party no.2 submitted that the case of the applicants that no amount is due from their side to the complainant is a matter of defence which cannot be considered at this stage. It has been submitted that the term 'entrustment' as used in Section 405 IPC has been given a wider interpretation. It has been submitted that the goods returned by the complainant to the Company for replacement or for reimbursement would be deemed to have been entrusted to the Company and as the applicants 2 & 3 were handling its affair they become responsible. To buttress the said submission, the learned counsel for the complainant drew the attention of the Court to a decision of the Apex Court in the case of Ram Narayan Popli Vs. Central Bureau of Investigation: (2003) 3 SCC 641, wherein it was observed that: "the term "entrustment" is not necessarily a term of law. It may have different implications in different contexts. In its most general signification all it imports is the handing over possession for some purpose which may not imply the conferring of any proprietary right at all." Attention was also drawn to an observation made in the judgment of the aforesaid case, where it was observed that: "to establish the charge of criminal breach of trust, the prosecution is not obliged to prove the precise mode of conversion, misappropriation or misapplication by the accused of the property entrusted to him or over which he has dominion. The principal ingredient of the offence being dishonest misappropriation or conversion which may not ordinarily be a matter of direct proof, entrustment of property and failure in breach of an obligation to account for the property entrusted if proved, may, in the light of other circumstances, justifiably lead to an inference of dishonest misappropriation or conversion”.
Question:
X tracks down an expensive necklace on the road. Not knowing to whom it belongs. X sells it promptly to a jeweller without attempting to find the owner or submitting the necklace to the authorities. Decide the liability of X.
Read the passage and answer the question that follow.
In the case of M/S Halonex Limited, 59-A Noida vs State of U.P., it was held that “In reply to the aforesaid submission, learned counsel for opposite party no.2 submitted that the case of the applicants that no amount is due from their side to the complainant is a matter of defence which cannot be considered at this stage. It has been submitted that the term 'entrustment' as used in Section 405 IPC has been given a wider interpretation. It has been submitted that the goods returned by the complainant to the Company for replacement or for reimbursement would be deemed to have been entrusted to the Company and as the applicants 2 & 3 were handling its affair they become responsible. To buttress the said submission, the learned counsel for the complainant drew the attention of the Court to a decision of the Apex Court in the case of Ram Narayan Popli Vs. Central Bureau of Investigation: (2003) 3 SCC 641, wherein it was observed that: "the term "entrustment" is not necessarily a term of law. It may have different implications in different contexts. In its most general signification all it imports is the handing over possession for some purpose which may not imply the conferring of any proprietary right at all." Attention was also drawn to an observation made in the judgment of the aforesaid case, where it was observed that: "to establish the charge of criminal breach of trust, the prosecution is not obliged to prove the precise mode of conversion, misappropriation or misapplication by the accused of the property entrusted to him or over which he has dominion. The principal ingredient of the offence being dishonest misappropriation or conversion which may not ordinarily be a matter of direct proof, entrustment of property and failure in breach of an obligation to account for the property entrusted if proved, may, in the light of other circumstances, justifiably lead to an inference of dishonest misappropriation or conversion”.
Question:
P borrows from L his phone for using it to call his parents. However, when L is distracted, P removes the memory card of the phone and later on sells it. Decide the liability of P.
Option: 1
P is guilty under dishonest misappropriation of property
Option: 2
P is not guilty for any offence since the phone was given with consent
Option: 3
P is guilty for theft
Option: 4
P has been handed over the phone, so he has the right to use it as he likes
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