CLAT 2025: The Consortium of National Law Universities (NLUs) conducted the CLAT 2025 exam on December 1, 2024 from 2 PM to 4 PM. The CLAT test 2025 was held in online mode at 130+ designated exam centres. The CLAT 2025 admit card was issued on November 15, 2025. Along with the hall ticket, the authorities also released the exam day instructions. Candidates could download the admit card of CLAT 2025 through their login till December 1 up to 1:30 PM. The Consortium of NLUs announced the CLAT 2025 revised counselling schedule on May 17, 2025 after publishing the CLAT 2025 revised result on the same day. The CLAT 2025 counselling process has started on May 17, 2025, at 4 pm. The CLAT 2025 final answer key has also been published as per the SC order. In CLAT 2025, the NLU preferences are to be submitted at the time of counselling registration
This Story also Contains
What is CLAT Exam?
CLAT Exam Date 2025
CLAT 2025 Dates - Complete Schedule
CLAT 2025 Registration Process
CLAT Registration Fee 2025
CLAT Result 2025
CLAT Answer Key 2025
Modification in the CLAT 2025 final answer key
CLAT UG Final Answer Key 2025: Question Withdrawals across Different Sets
CLAT 2025 Exam Analysis
CLAT Counselling 2025
CLAT Merit List 2025
CLAT Admit Card 2025
Who is eligible for CLAT 2025?
CLAT 2025 Reservation Criteria
CLAT 2025 Syllabus and Exam Pattern
CLAT Exam Pattern 2025
How to prepare for CLAT 2025 exam?
CLAT Sample Papers 2025
Is CLAT 2025 Tough?
CLAT 2025 NLU Preferences
CLAT Seat Allotment 2025
CLAT Cut-Off 2025
CLAT 2025
It had earlier notified about the increase of NLISU Bengaluru to 310 seats by including 10 additional seats for Karnataka students. The Consortium of NLUs has also notified us that RPNLU Prayagraj will be part of the consortium from 2025-26 onwards. IIULER Goa has also been added to the CLAT colleges list in CLAT 2025. For CLAT 2025, candidates are required to provide their NLU preferences after the declaration of CLAT 2025 results, and not at the time of registration.
Through a notification published on its website, the Consortium of NLUs has informed that RPNLU is now part of the Consortium of NLUs. It will conduct its law admissions through CLAT admission process from 2025-26 onwards.
CLAT 2025 Incorrect Questions
CLAT Exam Date 2025
The Consortium of NLUs has conducted CLAT 2025 offline on December 1, 2024. The answer key has been released. The schedule includes the dates for CLAT registration, application correction, and the admit card.
CLAT 2025 Dates - Complete Schedule
Event
Dates
CLAT 2025 notification
July 7, 2024
CLAT 2025 application form release date
July 15, 2024
Last date to apply
October 15, 2024
October 22, 2024
Last date to make corrections
October 25, 2024
CLAT 2025 admit card release date
November 15, 2024
CLAT 2025 exam date
December 1, 2024 (Sunday, 2 pm to 4 pm)
Release of provisional answer key
December 2, 2024 4 PM
Objection raising window
December 2-3, 2024 up to 4 PM
Release of final answer key
December 7, 2024
December 9, 2024
CLAT 2025 result date
December 7, 2024
December 10, 2024
CLAT 2025 revised result 2025
May 17, 2025 (Out)
CLAT 2025 counselling registration opens
December 9, 2024 May 17, 2025, 4 pm
Last to register for counselling
December 20, 2024 May 21, 2025, 5 pm
Publication of the first allotment list
May 26, 2025 at 10:00 A.M (Out)
Payment of confirmation fee for freeze and float option
May 26, 2025, 10:00 am to May 30, 2025, 1:00 pm
Publication of second allotment list
June 04, 2025, 10:00 A.M (Out)
Payment of confirmation fee for freeze and float option
June 04, 2025, 10:00 am to June 09, 2025, 1:00 P.M
Payment of University Fee (after adjusting the Confirmation Fee and Counselling Registration Fee) to NLU concerned for all candidates who have chosen the Freeze Option in the counselling process during First and Second counselling rounds
June 14, 2025 by 5.00 PM
Publication of Third Allotment List
June 20, 2025, 10:00 A.M (Out)
Payment of confirmation fee for freeze and float option
June 20, 20, 10:00 am to June 23, 2025, 1:00 pm
Payment of University Fees (after adjusting for Confirmation Fee and Counselling Registration Fee)
The Consortium closed the CLAT 2025 application window. Earlier, it opened the CLAT application form 2025 on July 15, 2024. The CLAT 2025 exam registration could be done online from the official website of the consortium - consortiumofnlus.ac.in. The CLAT registration fee is Rs. 4,000 for general candidates and Rs. 3,500 for SC and ST candidates. The deadline to register for CLAT 2025 was extended till October 22, 2024. Candidates who need official CLAT previous year papers will have to pay Rs. 500 in addition to the application fee. This year, candidates do not have to fill in their NLU preferences at the time of CLAT registration. Rather, they must provide their NLU choices after the declaration of the result. The application process for CLAT 2025 is as follows;
Online CLAT Registration 2025
Visit the official CLAT 2025 website, consortiumofnlus.ac.in
Click on CLAT 2025, it will take the candidate to the login portal where all CLAT 2025 notifications are also published.
Register using email ID and mobile number. The mobile number and email ID should be kept active at least till the completion of the admission process of national law universities. It will also be used for all kind of communication and grievance submissions at the later stages. Further, candidates will also be informed about their CLAT results, and their eligibility to participate in the counselling through registered CLAT ID and password.
CLAT Sample Paper 2026 with Answer Key- Careers360
Download the CLAT Sample Paper 2026 PDF featuring the latest exam pattern with descriptive-type questions for effective preparation.
The application form of CLAT 2025 can be filled by following the steps given below. Candidates must ensure that they provide the correct details in the CLAT application form. Any kind of discrepancy in the CLAT form 2025 may result in the rejection of the application form. Only certain modifications in the CLAT 2025 application form will be allowed at a later stage. The detailed CLAT application process is explained below.
Step 1: Personal Information
Fill out the application form by providing personal information. The personal information includes the candidate's name, parent's name, date of birth, passport-size photo, scanned signature, category etc. Candidates must also upload their passport size photograph and signature.
All about LSAT India
Complete information around exam dates, application process, participating institutes, etc. Get the Ebook
Provide communication details including permanent address, correspondence address, state, district, PIN code etc.
Steps 3: Education Details
Enter details of Class 12th and Class 10th. Candidates appearing in the Class 12th board exam can select the "Appearing in Qualifying Exam".
Step 4: Select CLAT Exam Centres
Candidates can select at least three exam centres for CLAT exam. They are advised to select the CLAT 2025 exam centres in the order of preference. The allotment of exam centres will depend on the candidate's preference and the availability of the seats in the exam centre.
Step 5: Enter Reservation Status
Select the reservation status depending on the category. A majority of NLUs offer domicile reservations. Candidates must ensure they also have the documents supporting their reservation status. The same will be required during CLAT counselling.
Step 6: Submit CLAT 2025 Application Form
Pay the registration fee as prescribed by the authorities. The CLAT registration fee is Rs. 4,000 for general candidates and Rs. 3,500 for SC, ST and EWS candidates.
Documents Required for CLAT Application Form 2026
Passport size recent photograph with plain background
Signature of the candidate
Category certificate if you are applying under SC/ST/OBC
PWD certificate if applicable
BPL certificate if applicable
CLAT Registration Fee 2025
Category
Fee
Mode of payment
General/ OBC/PwD/NRI/PIO//OCI category
Rs. 4,000
Online:
Net Banking
Credit Card
Debit Card
SC/ST/BPL category
Rs 3,500
CLAT Result 2025
The Consortium of NLUs declared the CLAT revised results 2025 on May 17, 2025. It has also issued the final answer key along with the counselling schedule. Candidates can access and download their official CLAT UG 2025 scorecards by visiting the CLAT 2025 portal on the Consortium’s website: consortiumofnlus.ac.in. Earlier, the authorities declared the CLAT 2025 result on its official website on December 7. Candidates can check their CLAT 2025 scorecard through their CLAT login. There are no minimum qualifying marks in CLAT 2025. Candidates will be ranked based on their CLAT 2025 scores and allotted seats through the counselling process as per their rank and preferences. Last year, the CLAT analysis showed that a good score in CLAT was around 90+ marks.
How to Download CLAT 2025 Result?
Candidates can download the result of CLAT 2025 by following the steps given below:
Visit the official website - consortiumofnlus.ac.in
Log in with the registered mobile number and password
Click on the result link
The CLAT 2025 result will be displayed on the screen
Download and save the result
CLAT Answer Key 2025
Out of the 18 objections raised, 13 questions from the master booklet of CLAT 2025 were rejected by the Delhi HC, and 5 were considered. One question from the Logical Reasoning section and two questions from the Quantitative Techniques section have been withdrawn, and the answer keys for one question each in the English and Legal Reasoning sections have been revised. Due to this revision, the total marks for the CLAT UG evaluation have been reduced from the originally announced 120 to 113. Earlier, the answer key to two questions, 14 and 100 has been modified. This is due to the ongoing court petitions filed against CLAT 2025 final answer key and the verdict delivered by Delhi HC on December 24, 2024. Earlier, the consortium released the CLAT 2025 answer keyon December 2, 2024 at 4 PM. The consortium had also provided an objection window against the CLAT provisional answer key 2025 from December 2 to 3 up to 4:00 PM. Candidates could submit objections through their login after paying an objection fee of Rs 1000 per objection. After considering all the valid objections, the consortium will release the CLAT 2025 final answer key on
Modification in the CLAT 2025 final answer key
Set A (*)
Set B (^)
Set C (O)
Set D (#)
Master Booklet (as per Supreme Court & Delhi High Court Judgments)
Option in Final Answer Key (Dec 7, 2024)
Correct Option
14
11
17
23
5
D
C
62
66
71
77
56
D
Marks will be awarded to all candidates who chose ‘C’ or ‘D’ as the correct option.
87
105
99
96
93
D
C
85
103
97
94
91
D
C
68
72
56
83
78
C
Objection to this question was rejected by the Delhi High Court. The Supreme Court was in agreement with the High Court’s Order. Thus, the correct option stays as C.
CLAT UG Final Answer Key 2025: Question Withdrawals across Different Sets
Set A (*)
Set B (^)
Set C (O)
Set D (#)
Master Booklet (as per Supreme Court & Delhi High Court Judgments)
Modification
89
107
101
92
95
Question Withdrawn
97
91
103
100
85
Question Withdrawn
99
93
105
102
87
Question Withdrawn
100
94
106
97
88
Question Withdrawn
102
96
108
99
90
Question Withdrawn
109
112
118
117
115
Question Withdrawn
110
113
119
118
116
Question Withdrawn
Modifications Ordered in CLAT Set A Answer Key 2025 The answer key to two questions, 14 and 100 have been modified. Given below are the details of the verdict delivered by the Delhi HC.
Particulars
Changes
Question no. 14
Correct option changed to option C
Question no. 100
Question withdrawn
Steps to Download CLAT 2025 Answer Key
Visit the official website - consortiumofnlus.ac.in
Click on CLAT 2025 link
In the notifications section, click on Click on CLAT 2025 answer key and master question paper
The CLAT provisional answer key 2025 and the CLAT 2025 question paper will be displayed on the screen
Download and save the answer key for future reference
Objections Against CLAT Answer Key 2025
Candidates will be allowed to raise objections online. Given below are the steps to raise objections:
Visit the official website - consoritumofnlus.ac.in
Log in to the CLAT account
Click on the objection link
Next, candidates should select the desired question booklet set and the type of objection (about the question or answer)
Then, select the question and enter the objection details
Submit the objection
Make the payment to complete objection submission
CLAT 2025 Exam Analysis
CLAT 2025 exam analysis has been released by Careers360. The analysis of the CLAT 2025 question paper was easy in comparison to previous years. A good score in CLAT 2025 is likely to be 100 or above.
CLAT analysis 2025
Section
Good Attempts
Difficulty Level
English Language
20-22 Questions
Easy to Moderate
General Knowledge including Current Affairs
23-24 Questions
Easy to Moderate
Legal Reasoning
27-28 Questions
Moderate
Logical Reasoning
20-22 Questions
Moderate
Quantitative Techniques
10-11 Questions
Easy to Moderate
Overall
96-100 Questions
Moderate
CLAT Question Paper Analysis by Careers360
Good Score in CLAT 2025
The past trends in CLAT indicate that a good score in CLAT 2025 will be around 100 marks for the general category for admission into top-ranked NLUs, NLSIU Bengaluru, and NALSAR Hyderabad. A good CLAT score varies across categories. The table below provides the expected good score in CLAT 2025 for various categories in some NLUs.
Good Score in CLAT 2025 in Top NLUs
NLU Name
General
EWS
OBC
SC
ST
NRI
NLSIU Bengaluru
100+
95+
90+
83+
78+
-
NALSAR Hyderabad
100+
95+
90+
82+
78+
-
WBNUJS Kolkata
98+
-
56+*
80+
74+
89+
NLU Jodhpur
95+
-
88+
79+
74+
88+
GNLU Gandhinagar
95+
90+
87+
77+
70+
84+
MNLU Mumbai
93+
81+
77+*
71+*
41+*
43+
RMLNLU Lucknow
91+
85+
82+*
53+*
41+*
72+
*state reservation
CLAT Counselling 2025
The Consortium of National Law Universities has started the third round of CLAT 2025 counselling on June 20, 10 am and will continue it until June 23, 2025, 1 pm. Candidates are required to register online for the CLAT counselling 2025 process from the consortium's official website. The CLAT 2025 counselling registration fee is Rs 30000 for General and OBC candidates and Rs 20000 for SC/ST candidates. Only those candidates who register for the counselling process will be eligible to obtain the CLAT 2025 seat allotment. The NLU preferences for seat allotment are given during the CLAT registration process. In all, there are three rounds of CLAT 2025 counselling. However, candidates who registered for CLAT 2025 counselling based on the old result but are now ineligible as per the updated results for counselling will get their counselling registration fee refund.
Steps to register for CLAT 2025 Counselling
Visit the official website - consortiumofnlus.ac.in
Click on the make payment option which will be visible for shortlisted candidates in their CLAT account
Provide bank account details.
Make the payment of Rs 30000 (General/OBC candidates) or Rs 20000 (SC/ST candidates)
Wait for the "Payment Successful" message
Once the payment is made candidates will be registered for the CLAT 2025 counselling process
CLAT Merit List 2025
The consortium will publish the NLU wise CLAT 2025 merit list for each round of counselling. The third CLAT 2025 merit list will be published on June 20, 2025 at 10 am. Candidates included in the third CLAT 2025 merit list will have to pay the confirmation fee before June 23, by 1 pm and the university fee before June 27, 2025 by 5 pm. The merit list of CLAT 2025 contains details such as rank, category, admit card number and status of the candidate. Only those candidates who are included in the CLAT merit list 2025 will be able to participate in the CLAT 2025 counselling process for seat allotment at NLUs.
Steps to Download CLAT 2025 Merit List
Visit the official website - consortiumofnlus.ac.in
Click on the CLAT 2025 tab
In the notification section, click on the CLAT 2025 merit list for the desired round
Next, select the desired NLU for which the merit list is needed
The CLAT merit list 2025 will be displayed on the screen
Download and save the merit list for future reference
24 National Law Universities (NLUs) and 60+ affiliated colleges
Seats offered
5-year LLB - 3,400+
LLM - 12,00+
CLAT Admit Card 2025
The consortium released the CLAT 2025 admit card on November 15, 2024. A mandatory document for appearing in the CLAT 2025 exam, the admit card mentions details such as roll number and exam centre name along with instructions for the exam day. Candidates could download the CLAT 2025 admit card online from its official website. consortiumofnlus.ac.in. Candidates are advised to download the admit card of CLAT 2025 and verify all the information mentioned on it. In case of any discrepancies, they should immediately ask the consortium for necessary changes.
Steps to Download CLAT 2025 Admit Card
Candidates should follow the steps given below to download the admit card of CLAT 2025-
Visit the official website - consortiumofnlus.ac.in
Login with the registered mobile number and password
Click on the CLAT 2025 admit card link
The admit card will be displayed on the screen
Download and save the CLAT admit card 2025 for future reference
Items to be carried on the CLAT 2025 exam day
A printout of CLAT admit card 2025
A valid ID proof
A blue/black ballpoint pen
A transparent water bottle
Candidates should also note that any electronic device, including mobile phones, calculators, smart watches and study material is strictly prohibited inside CLAT exam centres. Those found with such items will be disqualified and subject to disciplinary action.
Who is eligible for CLAT 2025?
The consortium prescribes the CLAT 2025 eligibility criteria in its exam notification. CLAT eligibility criteria 2025 include the minimum educational qualification that candidates must have along with the minimum passing marks. There is no age limit to appear for CLAT 2025. The eligibility criteria for CLAT 2025 is given in the table below.
CLAT 2025 Eligibility
Particulars
CLAT UG eligibility criteria 2025
CLAT PG eligibility criteria 2025
Educational qualification
10+2 from a recognised board. Candidates appearing for class 12 exams can apply.
3-year LLB or 5-year LLB from an institute recognised by BCI. Candidates appearing for their final year exams can apply.
Minimum passing marks
45% for general/OBC/EWS and 40% for SC/ST
50% for General/OBC/EWS and 45% for SC/ST
CLAT age limit
The consortium has not set any age limit for appearing in the CLAT exam. Candidates can attempt the CLAT exam at any age, and any number of times.
CLAT 2025 Reservation Criteria
The candidate's reservation category plays an important role in determining the candiate's admission chances. Candidates must carefully go through the CLAT reservation criteria 2025 specified by each of the NLUs and make sure they fulfil the eligibility criteria to claim the reservation at the time of completing CLAT 2025 registration. The consoritum also notifies changes to the reservation criteria from time to time on its official website.
CLAT 2025 Syllabus and Exam Pattern
Candidates preparing for the CLAT 2025 exam must follow the official syllabus and pattern to meet the test requirements. The CLAT syllabus is broadly divided into five sections. The question paper of CLAT 2025 will also have five sections. These sections are listed below.
English language and comprehension
Legal reasoning and aptitude
Elementary maths
Logical reasoning
Current affairs and general knowledge
CLAT Syllabus 2025 - Subejct-wise distribution of marks
The exam pattern of CLAT provides all the relevant information on how the question paper would be framed and what will be the time duration and marking scheme. Candidates must go through the exam pattern of CLAT 2025 to make themselves familiar with the testing rules and test structure.
CLAT 2025 exam pattern
Particulars
Details
Time duration
2 hours
Mode
Offline mode (pen and paper-based mode)
Type of questions
Objective-type questions
Number of questions
120 questions
Total marks
120 marks
CLAT UG marking scheme
Correct answer - 1 mark
Incorrect answer - 0.25 marks deduction
Unattempted questions - No negative marking
Language
English
How to prepare for CLAT 2025 exam?
Candidates preparing for CLAT 2025 need to start early. The exam is competitive and seats offered by prestigious NLUs are limited, so a well-rounded CLAT preparation is required to secure a good rank in the examination. The CLAT exam is also one of the lengthiest law entrance exams in India, testing high-level reading, critical thinking and analytical skills of the candidates.
Section-wise Tips for CLAT 2025
Given below are the section wise preparation tips for the five sections in the CLAT syllabus 2025.
CLAT Legal Reasoning
One of the most important sections, the CLAT legal reasoning and aptitude section, requires candidates to demonstrate basic level of understanding of laws along with critical thinking abilities. Given below are a few preparation tips for legal reasoning for CLAT.
Candidates preparing for CLAT legal reasoning should start from the basic level of political science, the constitution, and laws. Understanding of concepts is more crucial then mugging up facts and terms.
In the subsequent stages of their preparation, they should read legal journals, news articles and editorials, and judgments.
Since most of the questions are taken for legal scenarios or cases discussed in newspapers and magazines, reading and understanding such material will help candidates prepare for this section.
Finally, refer to the CLAT question papers of previous years to understand in what manner the legal reasoning questions are framed and the topics that feature too frequently.
CLAT English Language
English language is important not only because there is a section dedicated to it, but also because the entire question paper of CLAT is in English and requires a high level of reading and comprehension. Talking about the English language section, questions will be asked from comprehension passages that may be taken from recent news articles, magazines, and journals. Given below are easy preparation tips for this section.
Candidates are advised to work on their basic grammar skills in the initial stage of preparation.
They should read newspapers and journals to improve reading and comprehension speed.
Having a strong vocabulary is very important for all sections of CLAT. Additionally, CLAT English may have direct questions asking about synonyms and antonyms of words, one-word substitution and idioms and phrases. So, candidates should allow enough time to do these.
Last but not least, practising comprehension-based questions is very important to fit into the exam situation.
CLAT Logical Reasoning
This section focuses on testing the critical thinking and problem-solving abilities of candidates. Apart from some questions on one-liner statements and conclusions, most of the CLAT logical reasoning section also contains questions from comprehension paragraphs and requires the candidate to read the arguments and draw conclusions, relationships, or analogies in their answers.
Preparation for logical reasoning can be done through regularly practising with puzzles and problems.
Candidates must improve their reading and comprehension ability with a regular reading habit to understand the problems and passages quickly
CLAT General Knowledge and Current Affairs
One of the most crucial sections in the CLAT 2025 exam, the general knowledge and current affairs preparation has dominant effects on legal aptitude and English. It is not because the syllabus overlaps in these sections, but because the skills tested in these would largely overlap. Fast reading is required for CLAT GK and current affairs, and it is also a much-needed skill for English and Legal reasoning. The CLAT current awareness may have some straightforward questions on topics of social, political and economic importance, but some questions will also be asked about current legal affairs. Some preparation tips are given below.
Preparing for general knowledge and current affairs becomes fairly easy when standard study material is taken for reference. A Lucent general knowledge book or a Manorama Yearbook is helpful
Regularly reading daily newspapers like The Hindu or The Indian Express is good for current affairs. The current affairs preparation should be further consolidated using monthly magazines on the subject.
CLAT Maths
This section carries only 10% weight but can be a determining factor for CLAT aspirants. Although it tests basic maths skills, the framework of questions can be twisted to make it look like paragraphs with numbers. Candidates with good mathematical skills stand a good chance to capitalise on this section and secure full 10% marks which can make a decisive impact on their results. Here are a few preparation tips.
Most of these topics in CLAT maths are dealt with in much detail in Class 10 itself. So, candidates are advised to stick to the basic books on elementary mathematics and practice the questions on a regular basis.
Build a good understanding of the underlying concepts in mathematics
Practice by doing and repeatedly solving the questions, as it will boost solving speed and complement the theoretical understanding
Invest some time in reading the questions carefully and understanding what needs to be done.
CLAT 2026 Books for Preparation: Subject-wise
Subject
CLAT Preparation Books
English Language
Barron's Pocket Guide to Vocabulary Objective
Verbal and Non-verbal Reasoning by RS Aggarwal
The Pearson Guide to the CLAT by Pearson's
Current Affairs including General Knowledge
Competition Success Review
Pratiyogita Darpan
Current Affairs Yearly by Arihant Publications
Legal Reasoning
Important Judgment That Transformed India by Alex Andrews George
The Pearson Guide to the CLAT by Harsh Gagrani
Legal Awareness and Legal Reasoning by Pearson
Logical Reasoning
A Modern Approach to Logical Reasoning by RS Aggarwal
A New Approach to Verbal and Analytical Reasoning by Arihant
501 challenging Logical Reasoning Practice book
Quantitative Techniques
Magical Book on Quicker Maths by M Tyra
Quantitative Aptitude by R.S Aggarwal
Fast Track Objective Arithmetic by Arihant Publications
CLAT Sample Papers 2025
The Consortium of NLUs has released the second CLAT 2025 sample paper online on September 28, 2024. Candidates who have successfully registered for CLAT 2025 can access the sample papers of CLAT 2025 through their login. The consortium usually releases 3-4 sample papers of CLAT in the run-up to the exam. The CLAT sample papers 2025 are an important learning resource for candidates appearing for the exam. The first official CLAT 2025 sample paper was released on September 13.
Steps to Download CLAT 2025 Sample Papers
Visit the official website - consoritumofnlus.ac.in
Log in to the CLAT 2025 account
Click on the CLAT 2025 sample papers link
The CLAT sample paper PDF will be displayed on the screen
Download and save the pdf for future reference
Is CLAT 2025 Tough?
The general consensus is that CLAT exam is tough. An analysis of the past year's CLAT statistics shows that the success rate in CLAT 2025 is 5.5% for CLAT UG and around 13.3% when one compares the applicants to the number of seats on offer. The Common Law Admission Test is one of the lengthiest and reading intensive law entrance exams which makes it very important for candidates to have intensive preparation.
CLAT 2025 NLU Preferences
After declaring the results, the consortium opened the window to add NLU preferences instead of last year's practice of filling the preferences at the time of registration. Candidates were allowed to add their CLAT NLU preferences through their login. Filling NLU preferences after the results gives the candidate the benefit of filling up the NLUs as per their expected performance in the exam based on the answer key.
Candidates can obtain CLAT 2025 seat allotment only in those NLUs which are part of their preferences given at the time of registration. Therefore, candidates must provide maximum NLU choices in the order of their preference. Candidates can rely on the CLAT 2025 marks vs rank analysis to decide which NLU provides them the maximum chance of admission for their CLAT score. The analysis is given below.
CLAT Marks Vs Rank Analysis
For candidates, it is important to know the rank, a particular CLAT score will translate into. An awareness of the CLAT marks vs rank analysis will help candidates formulate a preparation strategy that gets into their preferred NLUs. The table given below provides the analysis of CLAT marks vs rank.
CLAT 2025 Marks vs Rank Comparison
CLAT 2025 marks
Estimated CLAT 2025 rank
98+
200
92+
500
90+
1000
88+
1500
86+
2000
85+
2500
83+
3000
82+
3500
80+
5000
77+
6000
74+
8000
72+
10000
CLAT 2025 Colleges
The scores of CLAT 2025 will be accepted by 24 national law universities (NLUs). RPNLU Prayagraj and IIULER Goa are also part of the consortium in CLAT 2025. Only NLU Delhi and NLU Meghalaya do not accept CLAT scores. Apart from NLUs, over 60 different private law schools accept CLAT scores. Candidates can seek admission to any of these colleges provided they meet the eligibility criteria and admission cut-offs. Here is the list of national law universities (NLUs) participating in the examination along with their seat intake.
CLAT NLUs 2025 Seat Intake and Fees
NLU Name
Courses offered
CLAT Seats (excluding supernumerary and NRI seats)
The Consortium of NLUs has published the third CLAT 2025 seat allotment on June 20, 2025. The CLAT 2025 allotment list is provisional. Candidates included in the allotment list are required to complete admission formalities such as document verification and payment of the confirmation fee by June 23 by 1 pm and the university fee by June 27 by 5 pm. Candidates who complete these processes will be able to obtain the CLAT 2025 seat allotment. This time, there are three rounds of centralised CLAT seat allotment 2025.
CLAT Cut-Off 2025
The Consortium of NLUs has published the CLAT 2025 cut off for the third round of counselling on June 20, 2025. The NLU cut-off 2025 is available through the merit list published on the official website. Only those candidates who have a rank above the CLAT cut-off will be able to gain admission. The consortium will provide the category-wise CLAT cut-offs for each participating NLUs separately.
CLAT UG 2025 Cut Off: Opening and Closing Ranks After Three Counselling Rounds
NLU
General
EWS
OBC
SC
ST
Opening Rank
Closing Rank
Opening Rank
Closing Rank
Opening Rank
Closing Rank
Opening Rank
Closing Rank
Opening Rank
Closing Rank
NLSIU Bengaluru
1
112
119
703
209
1541
182
3133
678
3396
NALSAR Hyderabad
17
159
372
546
333
1219
1483
3273
1311
3621
NLIU Bhopal (BA LLB)
257
480
787
1377
1658
1757
5077
5763
6166
8243
NLIU Bhopal (BSc LLB)
486
915
1338
1997
2217
2464
6764
8625
10384
11901
WBNUJS Kolkata( BA LLB)
57
327
-
-
1359*
4168*
3048
4753
4823
6343
WBNUJS Kolkata (BSc.LLB Hons)
299
711
-
-
4168*
4596*
4244
6987
8994
9739
NLU Jodhpur
159
367
542
986
1333
1776
3343
5445
4343
5955
HNLU Raipur
480
807
-
-
2156
2408
6232
7660
9746
10507
GNLU Gandhinagar
236
444
819
1118
1396
2303
974
5934
4457
8568
GNLU Silvassa Campus
755
1461
1447
2620
2745
2620
8584
8826
12320
15112
RMLNLU Lucknow
461
780
1327*
2088*
1064*
3769*
1832*
11228*
19305*
-
RGNUL Patiala
565
1279
-
-
-
2067
8625
7540
12742
CNLU Patna (BA LLB)
882
1398
1420*
1950*
1861*
7359*
7884*
12662*
16829*
-
CNLU Patna (BBA LLB)
1215
1555
1928*
2316*
3106*
8364*
12269*
15833*
27043*
-
NUALS Kochi
350
1346
4238*
22632*
-
-
9871*
15029*
32306*
-
NLU Odisha BA LLB
469
1013
-
-
-
-
3196
7247
8920
12967
NLU Odisha BBA LLB
552
1176
-
-
-
-
7630
7891
10921
15161
NUSRL Ranchi BA LLB
864
1667
1501
2551
1671
3597
8542
9902
10015
15023
NUSRL Ranchi BBA LLB
1164
1760
2052
2714
1845
4096
8493
38622*
10573
13619
NLUJA Assam
1163
2141
3740*
18701*
10753*
40275*
4020*
26413*
8513*
39689*
DSNLU Visakhapatnam
957
1682
1506
2571
2472
3813
8198
9330
13506
15632
TNNLU Tiruchirappalli BA LLB
1231
1763
-
-
2045
4082
6291
10327
14211
15384
TNNLU Tiruchirappalli BCom LLB
1259
1947
-
-
3432
4987
6571
12470
-
-
MNLU Mumbai
443
1473
2524*
7523*
4161*
8067*
7180*
15622
10288*
13124*
MNLU Nagpur - BA LLB
722
1529
7863*
16868*
2230*
15059*
13180*
27496*
43425*
16868*
MNLU Nagpur - BBA LLB
1214
1623
13166*
19846*
9041*
16794*
17024*
26619*
41775*
19846*
MNLU Aurangabad- BA LLB
1023
1949
8328*
23203*
11062*
19813*
7378*
30029*
55196*
23203*
MNLU Aurangabad - BBA LLB
1361
2393
8244*
19846*
15631*
21108*
22029*
31652*
56594*
19846*
HPNLU Shimla - BA LLB
949
2555
-
-
-
-
8641
11597
13499
18083
HPNLU Shimla - BBA LLB
1298
2634
-
-
-
-
9542
13886
15632
19910
MPDNLU Jabalpur
1371
2243
2112
2922
3766
4228
9959
11065
13674
20674
DBRANLU Sonepat
626
1930
1768
2727
2173
4210
7991
12802
12630
19973
NLUT Agartala
1964
2855
-
-
-
-
29955*
49197*
25887*
-
RPNLU Prayagraj
1446
2469
2636*
3726*
3454*
5559*
12017*
21354*
-
25539*
IIULER Goa BA LLB
1314
2784
2446
3623
2721
5597
6774
14412
12362
21325
IIULER Goa BA LLB
1198
2832
2727
3751
4440
5892
11342
14867
11093
22260
*state category reservation
CLAT Previous Year Cut-Off
Meanwhile, candidates can check the CLAT cut off for last year. Going through the previous year's CLAT cut-off will help candidates identify the trends and target certain NLUs as per their level of preparation.
CLAT 2025 exam was conducted on December 1, 2024, in offline mode.
Q: When will CLAT 2025 registration start?
A:
The CLAT 2025 registration started on July 15, 2024. The application form was closed on October 15, 2024.
Q: Will CLAT happen twice in 2024?
A:
No, CLAT will only happen once in 2024.
Q: What is the CLAT 2025 syllabus?
A:
The CLAT 2025 syllabus includes topics such as general knowledge, current affairs, maths, English, legal reasoning and logical reasoning.
Q: What is the pattern of CLAT exam 2025?
A:
The pattern of CLAT 2025 is given by the Consortium of NLUs. As per the CLAT pattern, the exam will be held in offline mode. 120 multiple choice type questions will be asked from five subjects as mentioned in the CLAT syllabus. Each question carries one mark, and a negative marking of 0.25 marks will be applicable for each incorrect answer.
While NLUs are costly, you can still pursue government-funded law education through state-funded universities and their affiliated colleges that accept CLAT scores, such as institutes like Banaras Hindu University and Aligarh Muslim University.
It is always better to take the CLAT exam right after Class 12 if your goal is to build a career in law, because CLAT UG is specifically designed for admission into integrated five-year law programs like BA LLB, BCom LLB, or BBA LLB. Appearing after Class 12 saves you time, as you complete both graduation and law together in a single course. On the other hand, if you first complete graduation and then plan for law, you will not be eligible for CLAT UG but instead for CLAT PG, which is meant for admission into LLM programs. This path takes longer, because you first spend three or four years on graduation and then add another three years in an LLB program if you choose not to go for an integrated course. So, if you are already sure about pursuing law as your career, writing CLAT right after Class 12 is the smarter and time-saving option, while writing it after graduation makes sense only if you are considering higher studies in law or a shift in career later.
For CLAT, the most important topics are from Legal Reasoning, Current Affairs & GK, the Indian Constitution, English Language, Quantitative Techniques and Logical Reasoning. For a brief detail you can go through the following link:
https://law.careers360.com/articles/clat-important-topics
Read the passage carefully and answer the question
The Contract should be performed by the promisor himself. However, in certain cases, it can also be performed by his agents or legal representatives. It all depends upon the intention of the parties. Normally a contract can be performed by the following persons.
Promisor himself: If from the nature of the contract it appears that it was the intention of the parties that the promise should be performed by the promisor himself, such promise must be performed by the promisor. This usually applies to contracts involving personal skill, task, or artwork.
Promisor or his Agent: Where the contract does not involve the personal skill of the promisor, the contract could be performed by the promisor himself or by any competent person employed by him for the purpose,
Legal Representatives: The contracts which do not involve any personal skill or taste, may be performed by his legal representative after the death of the promisor.
Third Person: In some cases, a contract may be performed by a third person provided the promisee accepts the arrangement. According to Section 41 of the Indian Contract Act, once the promisee accepts the performance from a third person, he cannot compel the promisor to perform the contract again.
Performance of Joint Promises: According to section 42 of the Indian Contract Act, when two or more persons have made a joint promise, the joint promisors must fulfill the promise jointly during their lifetime. And if any one of them dies, then his legal representatives and survivors must jointly fulfill the promise.
Section 43 of the Indian Contract Act further provides that unless a contrary intention appears from the contract, each joint promisor may compel every other joint promisor to contribute equally to the performance of the promise. If any joint promisor makes a default in such contribution, the remaining joint promisors must bear the loss arising from such default in equal shares.
Question:
Aman received a box of chocolates from Basant and promised to pay Rupees 5000. Later on, A becomes bankrupt. Chetan who is a friend of Aman pays rupees 1000 to Besant on behalf of Aman. Aman is not aware of such a transaction. In civil court, insolvency proceedings have started against Aman. Meanwhile, Basant has also applied for a recovery of 5000 rupees. Decide.
Option: 1
Basant is entitled to recover the amount of 5000 from Aman.
Option: 2
Basant is entitled to recover the amount of 4000 from Aman.
Option: 3
Chetan is entitled to recover the amount of 1000 from Basant.
Option: 4
Basant cannot recover any amount from Aman as he has become insolvent.
Read the passage carefully and answer the question
The Contract should be performed by the promisor himself. However, in certain cases, it can also be performed by his agents or legal representatives. It all depends upon the intention of the parties. Normally a contract can be performed by the following persons.
Promisor himself: If from the nature of the contract it appears that it was the intention of the parties that the promise should be performed by the promisor himself, such promise must be performed by the promisor. This usually applies to contracts involving personal skill, task, or artwork.
Promisor or his Agent: Where the contract does not involve the personal skill of the promisor, the contract could be performed by the promisor himself or by any competent person employed by him for the purpose,
Legal Representatives: The contracts which do not involve any personal skill or taste, may be performed by his legal representative after the death of the promisor.
Third Person: In some cases, a contract may be performed by a third person provided the promisee accepts the arrangement. According to Section 41 of the Indian Contract Act, once the promisee accepts the performance from a third person, he cannot compel the promisor to perform the contract again.
Performance of Joint Promises: According to section 42 of the Indian Contract Act, when two or more persons have made a joint promise, the joint promisors must fulfill the promise jointly during their lifetime. And if any one of them dies, then his legal representatives and survivors must jointly fulfill the promise.
Section 43 of the Indian Contract Act further provides that unless a contrary intention appears from the contract, each joint promisor may compel every other joint promisor to contribute equally to the performance of the promise. If any joint promisor makes a default in such contribution, the remaining joint promisors must bear the loss arising from such default in equal shares.
Question:
K promises to paint a picture for L on a certain day, at a certain price. K dies before the day of the contract. Decide.
Option: 1
The contract can be enforced by K’s representative
Option: 2
The contract can be enforced by L
Option: 3
The contract can be enforced either by K’s representation or by L
Option: 4
The contract cannot be enforced either by K’s representative, or L
Read the passage carefully and answer the question
The Contract should be performed by the promisor himself. However, in certain cases, it can also be performed by his agents or legal representatives. It all depends upon the intention of the parties. Normally a contract can be performed by the following persons.
Promisor himself: If from the nature of the contract it appears that it was the intention of the parties that the promise should be performed by the promisor himself, such promise must be performed by the promisor. This usually applies to contracts involving personal skill, task, or artwork.
Promisor or his Agent: Where the contract does not involve the personal skill of the promisor, the contract could be performed by the promisor himself or by any competent person employed by him for the purpose,
Legal Representatives: The contracts which do not involve any personal skill or taste, may be performed by his legal representative after the death of the promisor.
Third Person: In some cases, a contract may be performed by a third person provided the promisee accepts the arrangement. According to Section 41 of the Indian Contract Act, once the promisee accepts the performance from a third person, he cannot compel the promisor to perform the contract again.
Performance of Joint Promises: According to section 42 of the Indian Contract Act, when two or more persons have made a joint promise, the joint promisors must fulfill the promise jointly during their lifetime. And if any one of them dies, then his legal representatives and survivors must jointly fulfill the promise.
Section 43 of the Indian Contract Act further provides that unless a contrary intention appears from the contract, each joint promisor may compel every other joint promisor to contribute equally to the performance of the promise. If any joint promisor makes a default in such contribution, the remaining joint promisors must bear the loss arising from such default in equal shares.
Question:
Rohan has agreed to manage the catering services during the marriage of Sohan’s son Ramu. On the day of marriage, Rohan felt ill and sent his manager to the management of catering services. Ramu happily gets married to Tina and people appreciated the food and decoration of the event. When Rohan asked Sohan for the remaining amount, he denied it because Rohan himself had not managed so it is a breach. Decide.
Option: 1
Rohan is not entitled to get the remaining amount due to a breach of contract.
Option: 2
Rohan is entitled to sue Sohan for the remaining amount.
Option: 3
Rohan is entitled to sue Ramu because it was his marriage.
Option: 4
Instead of Rohan, his manager can only sue Sohan for the breach.
Read the passage and answer the question that follow.
Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.
It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.
The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.
Question:
X is a student of a college and his father Y is a professor in the same college. In one instance, X is caught to be involved in unparliamentary activities inside the college campus. The enquiry committee is set up and Y is appointed as the head of the committee. Decide.
Option: 1
Y is a professor of the same college hence he can become a member of the enquiry committee
Option: 2
Y is X’s father hence he should not be a part of the enquiry committee
Option: 3
Y can be a part of the enquiry committee but cannot be its head
Option: 4
There is no rule that prevents the appointment of Y until he fulfils his function diligently
Read the passage and answer the question that follow.
Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.
It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.
The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.
Question:
Mr X is an employee of a corporate office. His wife Y is a judge. In one instance, X is found to be involved in a money laundering case at his office. The office now files a suit and Y is appointed as the judge for this case. Decide.
Option: 1
Y is a judge by herself, hence can be appointed to adjudicate this case
Option: 2
Y is can be appointed as a judge only if she fulfils her responsibilities without any bias
Option: 3
Y can adjudicate the case and if the company finds the penalty to be insufficient then they can appeal against it
Read the passage and answer the question that follow.
Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.
It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.
The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.
Question:
X was a renowned cricketer in the 1980s. His son Y is a struggling cricketer who has been trying to get into the national team for many years. In the year 2020, X is appointed as a member of the selection committee. In the match which is supposed to decide the final team of the nation, Y scores a century and Z scores 65 runs. However, Z is selected to represent India and Y is not. Y now appeals against the decision, the main ground being the presence of X in the committee. Decide.
Option: 1
The appeal will stand as Y scored a century yet Z was selected after scoring 65 runs
Option: 2
The appeal will be quashed since X’s presence should have benefitted Y, but it didn’t, hence the rejection of Y is valid
Option: 3
The appeal will stand as X’s presence is a factor of bias
Option: 4
The appeal will be quashed since X was a renowned cricketer
Read the passage and answer the question that follow.
Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.
It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.
The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.
Question:
X is a married judge who is well known for his honesty in the entire city. He has a son Y. One fine day Y gets kidnapped and the kidnapper demands a sum of 20 lakhs from X. However, the kidnapper is caught by the police. X is now appointed as the judge for the hearing of the kidnapper. Decide.
Option: 1
X can be the judge since he can decide the punishment better as he was the sufferer
Option: 2
X cannot be the judge since there is a possibility that he will be biased while delivering the judgement
Option: 3
X can be the judge since he is renowned for his honesty and fulfil his duties
Option: 4
X can be the judge but his statement can be appealed against if delivered with bias
Read the passage and answer the question that follow.
Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.
It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.
The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.
Question:
X and Y have been married for five years. X is a judge and Y is a doctor. X is pretty much unhappy with his married life so he wants to divorce Y. Y refuses to agree to a divorce by mutual consent hence X files a suit against Y. Decide.
Option: 1
X cannot file a suit since he is a judge
Option: 2
X can file a suit against Y in legal capacity but not as a judge
Option: 3
X cannot file a divorce suit against Y since there is no valid ground for divorce
Option: 4
X can proceed with mutual consent but not contested divorce
Read the passage and answer the question that follow.
In the case of M/S Halonex Limited, 59-A Noida vs State of U.P., it was held that “In reply to the aforesaid submission, learned counsel for opposite party no.2 submitted that the case of the applicants that no amount is due from their side to the complainant is a matter of defence which cannot be considered at this stage. It has been submitted that the term 'entrustment' as used in Section 405 IPC has been given a wider interpretation. It has been submitted that the goods returned by the complainant to the Company for replacement or for reimbursement would be deemed to have been entrusted to the Company and as the applicants 2 & 3 were handling its affair they become responsible. To buttress the said submission, the learned counsel for the complainant drew the attention of the Court to a decision of the Apex Court in the case of Ram Narayan Popli Vs. Central Bureau of Investigation: (2003) 3 SCC 641, wherein it was observed that: "the term "entrustment" is not necessarily a term of law. It may have different implications in different contexts. In its most general signification all it imports is the handing over possession for some purpose which may not imply the conferring of any proprietary right at all." Attention was also drawn to an observation made in the judgment of the aforesaid case, where it was observed that: "to establish the charge of criminal breach of trust, the prosecution is not obliged to prove the precise mode of conversion, misappropriation or misapplication by the accused of the property entrusted to him or over which he has dominion. The principal ingredient of the offence being dishonest misappropriation or conversion which may not ordinarily be a matter of direct proof, entrustment of property and failure in breach of an obligation to account for the property entrusted if proved, may, in the light of other circumstances, justifiably lead to an inference of dishonest misappropriation or conversion”.
Question:
X tracks down an expensive necklace on the road. Not knowing to whom it belongs. X sells it promptly to a jeweller without attempting to find the owner or submitting the necklace to the authorities. Decide the liability of X.
Read the passage and answer the question that follow.
In the case of M/S Halonex Limited, 59-A Noida vs State of U.P., it was held that “In reply to the aforesaid submission, learned counsel for opposite party no.2 submitted that the case of the applicants that no amount is due from their side to the complainant is a matter of defence which cannot be considered at this stage. It has been submitted that the term 'entrustment' as used in Section 405 IPC has been given a wider interpretation. It has been submitted that the goods returned by the complainant to the Company for replacement or for reimbursement would be deemed to have been entrusted to the Company and as the applicants 2 & 3 were handling its affair they become responsible. To buttress the said submission, the learned counsel for the complainant drew the attention of the Court to a decision of the Apex Court in the case of Ram Narayan Popli Vs. Central Bureau of Investigation: (2003) 3 SCC 641, wherein it was observed that: "the term "entrustment" is not necessarily a term of law. It may have different implications in different contexts. In its most general signification all it imports is the handing over possession for some purpose which may not imply the conferring of any proprietary right at all." Attention was also drawn to an observation made in the judgment of the aforesaid case, where it was observed that: "to establish the charge of criminal breach of trust, the prosecution is not obliged to prove the precise mode of conversion, misappropriation or misapplication by the accused of the property entrusted to him or over which he has dominion. The principal ingredient of the offence being dishonest misappropriation or conversion which may not ordinarily be a matter of direct proof, entrustment of property and failure in breach of an obligation to account for the property entrusted if proved, may, in the light of other circumstances, justifiably lead to an inference of dishonest misappropriation or conversion”.
Question:
P borrows from L his phone for using it to call his parents. However, when L is distracted, P removes the memory card of the phone and later on sells it. Decide the liability of P.
Option: 1
P is guilty under dishonest misappropriation of property
Option: 2
P is not guilty for any offence since the phone was given with consent
Option: 3
P is guilty for theft
Option: 4
P has been handed over the phone, so he has the right to use it as he likes
A lawyer advises clients on legal matters, represents them in court, and drafts legal documents. They work in various fields like criminal, corporate, or family law. Key skills include communication, research, and analytical thinking. To become a lawyer in India, one must complete a law degree, clear entrance exams, register with the Bar Council, and pass the All India Bar Examination.
A civil lawyer handles non-criminal legal disputes like family, property, and contract issues. They represent clients in court, draft documents, and advise on legal rights. To practice in India, one needs an LLB degree and Bar Council enrollment. Civil lawyers work in firms, government, or independently, with growing demand across various specialisations.
Individuals in the human rights lawyer career path are legal professionals responsible for advocating for people whose inherent dignity has been violated and who have suffered a lot of injustice. They take cases to defend the human rights of minorities, vulnerable populations, the LGBTQI community, indigenous people and others.
A criminal lawyer defends individuals or organisations accused of crimes, ensuring fair trial and legal rights. They analyse cases, represent clients in court, conduct legal research, and negotiate plea deals. Strong communication, analytical, and ethical skills are essential. After earning a law degree, gaining experience, and registering with a Bar Council, they can practise independently or with law firms.
Family lawyers are required to assist a client in resolving any family-related problem. In general, family lawyers operate as mediators between family members when conflicts arise. Individuals who opt for a career as Family Lawyer is charged with drafting prenuptial agreements to protect someone's financial interests prior to marriage, consulting on grounds for impeachment or civil union separation, and drafting separation agreements.
A cyber lawyer handles legal issues related to the internet, such as cybercrimes, data breaches, and online privacy. They prepare legal documents, represent clients in court, and advise businesses on cybersecurity compliance. The career requires a law degree, specialisation in cyber law, and strong tech knowledge.
An immigration lawyer is responsible for representing the individuals (clients) involved in the immigration process that includes legal, and illegal citizens and refugees who want to reside in the country, start a business or get employment.
A Government Lawyer represents the government in legal matters, provides legal advice to officials, drafts legislation, and prosecutes or defends cases. The role requires strong research, communication, and analytical skills. To pursue this career, one must obtain an LLB, pass the Bar Exam, gain court experience, and apply for government positions. Career progression includes roles from junior to senior government lawyer.
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