CLAT Cut-Off 2026: The Consortium of National Law Universities will release the CLAT 2026 cut-off after each round of counselling. The NLU cut-off 2026 will be available through the CLAT 2026 merit list published on the official website- consortiumofnlus.ac.in for each round of CLAT 2026 counselling. Candidates who have a rank above the CLAT 2026 cut-off for a particular NLU will be able to gain admission to that university. The CLAT 2026 cut-off will depend on factors such as the difficulty level of the exam, seat availability, and the number of applicants. There are five rounds of CLAT 2026 counselling for admissions into participating NLUs. In this article, get all details of the CLAT 2026 cut-off, including category-wise and NLU-wise cut-off details.
Through the Common Law Admission Test, candidates are admitted into the law programmes of 24 participating NLUs and 60+ affiliated colleges. The CLAT 2026 result will be declared tentatively after the exam date. The consortium will conduct CLAT 2026 on December 7, 2025, in offline mode. Read on to find out details about the CLAT 2026 expected cut-off, determining factors, and a good score in CLAT 2026.
What is CLAT Cut-Off?
The CLAT cut-offs were the last ranks required for admission to national law universities (NLUs). The Consortium of National Law Universities (NLUs) publishes the CLAT cut-offs as seat allotment lists after each round of counselling. The tier 1 NLUs, such as NLSIU Bangalore, NALSAR Hyderabad, NUJS Kolkata and NLU Jodhpur, are the most preferred NLUs for admission and hence, the CLAT cutoff for these universities was the highest amongst others.
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Given below are a few factors that will determine the expected CLAT cut-off 2026. These factors will decide whether the CLAT exam is tough and the estimated cut-off.
Number of candidates appearing in the exam: The more the number of candidates appearing for CLAT, the higher the competition will be. As per statistics available for last year, 60544 candidates appeared in CLAT UG and 14817 candidates appeared for CLAT PG.
Difficulty level of the exam: An easy CLAT question paper will lead to a higher CLAT 2026 cut-off score. As per last year’s CLAT exam analysis, 90+ was a good score in CLAT.
CLAT NLU preferences: Candidates can gain admission in only those NLUs that are part of their NLU preferences. The most preferred NLUs such as NLSIU Bengaluru and NALSAR Hyderabad tend to have higher CLAT cut off. This year, candidates were required to provide their NLU preferences at the time of counselling registration. It gives candidates the benefit of hindsight and preferring those NLUs where they have a realistic chance of admission based on their CLAT score.
Reservation policy followed by each NLU: The CLAT cut off 2026 category-wise will be impacted by the reservation policy followed by the NLUs. Some NLUs also have domicile reservations as per the CLAT 2026 reservation criteria where seats are reserved for candidates who belong to the state in which the NLU is located.
Seats offered by the NLUs: The higher the number of CLAT seats offered by an NLU, the more is the number of admitted students. More seats can lead to a decrease in the CLAT cut-off score of the last admitted candidate. An example of this scenario is NLSIU Bengaluru which now offers around 300 seats for its UG programme, higher than what it offered earlier. This has led to the NLSIU Bengaluru cut-off rank going above 100 last year.
CLAT Sample Paper 2026 with Answer Key- Careers360
Download the CLAT Sample Paper 2026 PDF featuring the latest exam pattern with descriptive-type questions for effective preparation.
Candidates can check the CLAT cut-off 2026 for each NLU through the provisional allotment list published by the consortium for each round of CLAT 2026 counselling. Given below are the steps to check the CLAT cut-off.
Visit the official website - consortiumofnlus.ac.in
Click on CLAT 2026 tab and visit the notification section
Click on CLAT provisional allotment list (for each round)
Select the NLU for which the CLAT cut off is required
The CLAT cut-off 2026 PDF will be displayed on the screen.
Download and save the PDF for future reference
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Candidates can make use of free tool known as the CLAT College Predictor, developed by Careers360, that predicts the NLUs in which the candidate has good chances of clearing the CLAT cut-off 2026 and obtaining admission. The tool uses details such as the candidate's overall rank, state, seat type and category as inputs to give the list of NLUs. Click on the link below to access the college predictor link.
The CLAT exam analysis 2026will be released shortly after the CLAT exam 2026 concludes. Careers360 will release the exam analysis for the CLAT exam from the test-takers to know about the question paper details and section-wise difficulty level. As per the feedback obtained from students, the difficulty level of CLAT 2025 was ranged from easy to moderate. Certain students claimed the CLAT 2025 exam to be the easiest one so far. The easy nature of the exam will mean the CLAT cut-off is likely to be high. Given below is the section-wise analysis of CLAT.
Less core legal reasoning questions, Valid and Invalid Contract, Right to Privacy, 42nd Amendment
Quantitative Techniques
Easy to Moderate
Dearness Allowance
English Language
Easy
How to Improve Your Life Passage by George Orwell
Good Score in CLAT 2026
A good score in CLAT is expected to be in the range of 90-100+ marks for the general category for admission in top NLUs. A CLAT cut-off mark of 90+ means candidates must have a percentage score of 80%. The CLAT cut-off marks 2026 are expected to vary across different categories. For SC/ST candidates, the CLAT 2026 cut-off is expected to be in the range of 75+ marks.
CLAT 2026 Expeced Cut-Off Marks for Top 10 NLUs
NLU
General
EWS
OBC
SC
ST
NLSIU Bengaluru
100
700
1540
3130
3400
NALSAR Hyderabad
150
550
1220
3273
3600
WBNUJS Kolkata
300
-
4200*
4750
6350
NLU Jodhpur
350
980
1770
5450
5950
GNLU Gandhinagar
440
1120
2300
5900
8570
NLIU Bhopal
480
1370
1750
5760
8250
MNLU Mumbai
1470
7500*
8000*
15600*
13120*
HNLU Raipur
800
-
2400
7660
10500
*state category reservation
CLAT Marks Vs Rank Analysis 2026
The consortium releases the CLAT cut-off 2026 in the form of cut-off ranks. The rank, in turn, is determined based on the CLAT score. Candidates must have an understanding of the CLAT marks vs rank analysis to see how their marks translate into a rank. It also helps the candidates target specific NLUs when filling in the NLU preference list during the counselling process. In CLAT 2026, the NLU preferences have to be filled after the publication of the CLAT 2026 results, which gives candidates the benefit of choosing their NLU as per their rank. The expected trend in the CLAT marks and rank dynamics is given in the table below.
Expected CLAT 2026 Marks vs Rank
CLAT 2026 marks
Expected CLAT 2026 rank
98+
200
92+
500
90+
1000
88+
1500
86+
2000
85+
2500
83+
3000
82+
3500
80+
5000
77+
6000
74+
8000
72+
10000
Success Rate in CLAT
Law aspirants often find that CLAT is tough. CLAT is one of the lengthiest and reading-intensive law entrance exams in India. The difficulty level of CLAT is reflected in its success rate. An analysis of CLAT statistics of the previous year shows that the success rate in CLAT UG is around 7%. One in 14 candidates can obtain a UG seat in an NLU. The success rate in CLAT PG is around 11% which means approximately 1 out 9 candidates can obtain a PG seat in an NLU. The low success rate is on account of the high CLAT cut-off for top NLUs. However, it has also been observed that seats in lower-ranked NLUs sometimes remain vacant, as many students opt for affiliated colleges that accept CLAT instead of a seat in a bottom-ranked NLU.
Good Score in CLAT PG 2026
A good score in CLAT PG 2026 is expected to be 71+ marks for top NLUs. As per the CLAT PG 2026 marks vs rank analysis, a score of 71+ marks will translate into a rank of 100 or above. This can help candidates clear the CLAT LLM cut-off 2026 for premier NLUs such as NLSIU Bengaluru and NALSAR Hyderabad. The table given below provides the expected CLAT cut-off 2026 for LLM for top NLUs.
Expected CLAT LLM Cut-Off 2026 for Top NLUs
NLU
General
EWS
OBC
SC
ST
NLSIU Bengaluru
200
900
1200
1600
3600
NALSAR Hyderabad
300
900
1400
2200
4300
WBNUJS Kolkata
600
-
11000*
2700
5500
NLU Jodhpur
600
-
2000
3400
5500
GNLU Gandhinagar
600
1200
2700
3800
6300
NLIU Bhopal
600
-
1900
3700
6000
MNLU Mumbai
700
4200*
3600*
5200*
9300*
HNLU Raipur
1000
-
3400
5000
7500
*state category reservation
CLAT LLM Marks Vs Rank 2026
Given below is the CLAT PG marks vs rank analysis that will help candidates know the rank into which their CLAT PG score translates.
Expected CLAT PG Rank Vs Marks 2026
CLAT PG 2026 Marks
CLAT PG 2026 Rank
71+
100 or higher rank
60+
500 or higher rank
55+
800 or higher rank
52+
1000 or higher rank
48+
1500 or higher rank
45+
2000 or higher rank
42+
2500 or higher rank
40+
3000 or higher rank
37+
3500 or higher rank
35+
4000 or higher rank
34+
4500 or higher rank
32+
5000 or higher rank
28+
6000 or higher rank
26+
7000 or higher rank
23+
8000 or higher rank
20+
9000 or higher rank
17+
10000 or higher rank
CLAT Counselling Process Explained
As stated above, the CLAT cut-off will be published for each counselling round. The video given below describes the various steps involved in the CLAT counselling process.
Candidates can check the CLAT cut off 2026 in the CLAT provisional allotment list published for each round of counselling.
Q: How many rounds of CLAT 2026 counselling will be there?
A:
There will be five rounds of CLAT 2026 counselling.
Q: When is the CLAT cut-off released?
A:
The Consortium releases the CLAT cut-off in multiple rounds after the results are declared.
Q: What details are required to check the CLAT cutoff?
A:
Candidates can check the CLAT cutoff 2026 by visiting the Consortium website under the notification section. There are no specific details required to view the CLAT cutoff.
Q: Is CLAT cutoff same for all NLUs?
A:
No, the CLAT cut-off is not the same for all the NLUs. For example, the NLSIU Bengaluru general category cutoff is 112, and for NLU Jodhpur it is around 367.
Q: Are CLAT cut offs announced along with the CLAT result?
A:
The CLAT cut-offs are announced a few days after the CLAT results are declared. Here, the candidates are arranged in the order of rank based on the CLAT 2026 result.
Q: Is the CLAT cut-off the same each year?
A:
No, the CLAT cut-off varies each year based on the total number of applicants, the number of students who qualified for the exam, and the total number of seats available
Q: Is 75 a good score in CLAT?
A:
For a seat in the top NLUs, candidates must try to obtain a CLAT score of 90+ marks.
While NLUs are costly, you can still pursue government-funded law education through state-funded universities and their affiliated colleges that accept CLAT scores, such as institutes like Banaras Hindu University and Aligarh Muslim University.
It is always better to take the CLAT exam right after Class 12 if your goal is to build a career in law, because CLAT UG is specifically designed for admission into integrated five-year law programs like BA LLB, BCom LLB, or BBA LLB. Appearing after Class 12 saves you time, as you complete both graduation and law together in a single course. On the other hand, if you first complete graduation and then plan for law, you will not be eligible for CLAT UG but instead for CLAT PG, which is meant for admission into LLM programs. This path takes longer, because you first spend three or four years on graduation and then add another three years in an LLB program if you choose not to go for an integrated course. So, if you are already sure about pursuing law as your career, writing CLAT right after Class 12 is the smarter and time-saving option, while writing it after graduation makes sense only if you are considering higher studies in law or a shift in career later.
For CLAT, the most important topics are from Legal Reasoning, Current Affairs & GK, the Indian Constitution, English Language, Quantitative Techniques and Logical Reasoning. For a brief detail you can go through the following link:
https://law.careers360.com/articles/clat-important-topics
Read the passage carefully and answer the question
The Contract should be performed by the promisor himself. However, in certain cases, it can also be performed by his agents or legal representatives. It all depends upon the intention of the parties. Normally a contract can be performed by the following persons.
Promisor himself: If from the nature of the contract it appears that it was the intention of the parties that the promise should be performed by the promisor himself, such promise must be performed by the promisor. This usually applies to contracts involving personal skill, task, or artwork.
Promisor or his Agent: Where the contract does not involve the personal skill of the promisor, the contract could be performed by the promisor himself or by any competent person employed by him for the purpose,
Legal Representatives: The contracts which do not involve any personal skill or taste, may be performed by his legal representative after the death of the promisor.
Third Person: In some cases, a contract may be performed by a third person provided the promisee accepts the arrangement. According to Section 41 of the Indian Contract Act, once the promisee accepts the performance from a third person, he cannot compel the promisor to perform the contract again.
Performance of Joint Promises: According to section 42 of the Indian Contract Act, when two or more persons have made a joint promise, the joint promisors must fulfill the promise jointly during their lifetime. And if any one of them dies, then his legal representatives and survivors must jointly fulfill the promise.
Section 43 of the Indian Contract Act further provides that unless a contrary intention appears from the contract, each joint promisor may compel every other joint promisor to contribute equally to the performance of the promise. If any joint promisor makes a default in such contribution, the remaining joint promisors must bear the loss arising from such default in equal shares.
Question:
Aman received a box of chocolates from Basant and promised to pay Rupees 5000. Later on, A becomes bankrupt. Chetan who is a friend of Aman pays rupees 1000 to Besant on behalf of Aman. Aman is not aware of such a transaction. In civil court, insolvency proceedings have started against Aman. Meanwhile, Basant has also applied for a recovery of 5000 rupees. Decide.
Option: 1
Basant is entitled to recover the amount of 5000 from Aman.
Option: 2
Basant is entitled to recover the amount of 4000 from Aman.
Option: 3
Chetan is entitled to recover the amount of 1000 from Basant.
Option: 4
Basant cannot recover any amount from Aman as he has become insolvent.
Read the passage carefully and answer the question
The Contract should be performed by the promisor himself. However, in certain cases, it can also be performed by his agents or legal representatives. It all depends upon the intention of the parties. Normally a contract can be performed by the following persons.
Promisor himself: If from the nature of the contract it appears that it was the intention of the parties that the promise should be performed by the promisor himself, such promise must be performed by the promisor. This usually applies to contracts involving personal skill, task, or artwork.
Promisor or his Agent: Where the contract does not involve the personal skill of the promisor, the contract could be performed by the promisor himself or by any competent person employed by him for the purpose,
Legal Representatives: The contracts which do not involve any personal skill or taste, may be performed by his legal representative after the death of the promisor.
Third Person: In some cases, a contract may be performed by a third person provided the promisee accepts the arrangement. According to Section 41 of the Indian Contract Act, once the promisee accepts the performance from a third person, he cannot compel the promisor to perform the contract again.
Performance of Joint Promises: According to section 42 of the Indian Contract Act, when two or more persons have made a joint promise, the joint promisors must fulfill the promise jointly during their lifetime. And if any one of them dies, then his legal representatives and survivors must jointly fulfill the promise.
Section 43 of the Indian Contract Act further provides that unless a contrary intention appears from the contract, each joint promisor may compel every other joint promisor to contribute equally to the performance of the promise. If any joint promisor makes a default in such contribution, the remaining joint promisors must bear the loss arising from such default in equal shares.
Question:
K promises to paint a picture for L on a certain day, at a certain price. K dies before the day of the contract. Decide.
Option: 1
The contract can be enforced by K’s representative
Option: 2
The contract can be enforced by L
Option: 3
The contract can be enforced either by K’s representation or by L
Option: 4
The contract cannot be enforced either by K’s representative, or L
Read the passage carefully and answer the question
The Contract should be performed by the promisor himself. However, in certain cases, it can also be performed by his agents or legal representatives. It all depends upon the intention of the parties. Normally a contract can be performed by the following persons.
Promisor himself: If from the nature of the contract it appears that it was the intention of the parties that the promise should be performed by the promisor himself, such promise must be performed by the promisor. This usually applies to contracts involving personal skill, task, or artwork.
Promisor or his Agent: Where the contract does not involve the personal skill of the promisor, the contract could be performed by the promisor himself or by any competent person employed by him for the purpose,
Legal Representatives: The contracts which do not involve any personal skill or taste, may be performed by his legal representative after the death of the promisor.
Third Person: In some cases, a contract may be performed by a third person provided the promisee accepts the arrangement. According to Section 41 of the Indian Contract Act, once the promisee accepts the performance from a third person, he cannot compel the promisor to perform the contract again.
Performance of Joint Promises: According to section 42 of the Indian Contract Act, when two or more persons have made a joint promise, the joint promisors must fulfill the promise jointly during their lifetime. And if any one of them dies, then his legal representatives and survivors must jointly fulfill the promise.
Section 43 of the Indian Contract Act further provides that unless a contrary intention appears from the contract, each joint promisor may compel every other joint promisor to contribute equally to the performance of the promise. If any joint promisor makes a default in such contribution, the remaining joint promisors must bear the loss arising from such default in equal shares.
Question:
Rohan has agreed to manage the catering services during the marriage of Sohan’s son Ramu. On the day of marriage, Rohan felt ill and sent his manager to the management of catering services. Ramu happily gets married to Tina and people appreciated the food and decoration of the event. When Rohan asked Sohan for the remaining amount, he denied it because Rohan himself had not managed so it is a breach. Decide.
Option: 1
Rohan is not entitled to get the remaining amount due to a breach of contract.
Option: 2
Rohan is entitled to sue Sohan for the remaining amount.
Option: 3
Rohan is entitled to sue Ramu because it was his marriage.
Option: 4
Instead of Rohan, his manager can only sue Sohan for the breach.
Read the passage and answer the question that follow.
Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.
It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.
The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.
Question:
X is a student of a college and his father Y is a professor in the same college. In one instance, X is caught to be involved in unparliamentary activities inside the college campus. The enquiry committee is set up and Y is appointed as the head of the committee. Decide.
Option: 1
Y is a professor of the same college hence he can become a member of the enquiry committee
Option: 2
Y is X’s father hence he should not be a part of the enquiry committee
Option: 3
Y can be a part of the enquiry committee but cannot be its head
Option: 4
There is no rule that prevents the appointment of Y until he fulfils his function diligently
Read the passage and answer the question that follow.
Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.
It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.
The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.
Question:
Mr X is an employee of a corporate office. His wife Y is a judge. In one instance, X is found to be involved in a money laundering case at his office. The office now files a suit and Y is appointed as the judge for this case. Decide.
Option: 1
Y is a judge by herself, hence can be appointed to adjudicate this case
Option: 2
Y is can be appointed as a judge only if she fulfils her responsibilities without any bias
Option: 3
Y can adjudicate the case and if the company finds the penalty to be insufficient then they can appeal against it
Read the passage and answer the question that follow.
Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.
It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.
The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.
Question:
X was a renowned cricketer in the 1980s. His son Y is a struggling cricketer who has been trying to get into the national team for many years. In the year 2020, X is appointed as a member of the selection committee. In the match which is supposed to decide the final team of the nation, Y scores a century and Z scores 65 runs. However, Z is selected to represent India and Y is not. Y now appeals against the decision, the main ground being the presence of X in the committee. Decide.
Option: 1
The appeal will stand as Y scored a century yet Z was selected after scoring 65 runs
Option: 2
The appeal will be quashed since X’s presence should have benefitted Y, but it didn’t, hence the rejection of Y is valid
Option: 3
The appeal will stand as X’s presence is a factor of bias
Option: 4
The appeal will be quashed since X was a renowned cricketer
Read the passage and answer the question that follow.
Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.
It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.
The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.
Question:
X is a married judge who is well known for his honesty in the entire city. He has a son Y. One fine day Y gets kidnapped and the kidnapper demands a sum of 20 lakhs from X. However, the kidnapper is caught by the police. X is now appointed as the judge for the hearing of the kidnapper. Decide.
Option: 1
X can be the judge since he can decide the punishment better as he was the sufferer
Option: 2
X cannot be the judge since there is a possibility that he will be biased while delivering the judgement
Option: 3
X can be the judge since he is renowned for his honesty and fulfil his duties
Option: 4
X can be the judge but his statement can be appealed against if delivered with bias
Read the passage and answer the question that follow.
Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.
It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.
The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.
Question:
X and Y have been married for five years. X is a judge and Y is a doctor. X is pretty much unhappy with his married life so he wants to divorce Y. Y refuses to agree to a divorce by mutual consent hence X files a suit against Y. Decide.
Option: 1
X cannot file a suit since he is a judge
Option: 2
X can file a suit against Y in legal capacity but not as a judge
Option: 3
X cannot file a divorce suit against Y since there is no valid ground for divorce
Option: 4
X can proceed with mutual consent but not contested divorce
Read the passage and answer the question that follow.
In the case of M/S Halonex Limited, 59-A Noida vs State of U.P., it was held that “In reply to the aforesaid submission, learned counsel for opposite party no.2 submitted that the case of the applicants that no amount is due from their side to the complainant is a matter of defence which cannot be considered at this stage. It has been submitted that the term 'entrustment' as used in Section 405 IPC has been given a wider interpretation. It has been submitted that the goods returned by the complainant to the Company for replacement or for reimbursement would be deemed to have been entrusted to the Company and as the applicants 2 & 3 were handling its affair they become responsible. To buttress the said submission, the learned counsel for the complainant drew the attention of the Court to a decision of the Apex Court in the case of Ram Narayan Popli Vs. Central Bureau of Investigation: (2003) 3 SCC 641, wherein it was observed that: "the term "entrustment" is not necessarily a term of law. It may have different implications in different contexts. In its most general signification all it imports is the handing over possession for some purpose which may not imply the conferring of any proprietary right at all." Attention was also drawn to an observation made in the judgment of the aforesaid case, where it was observed that: "to establish the charge of criminal breach of trust, the prosecution is not obliged to prove the precise mode of conversion, misappropriation or misapplication by the accused of the property entrusted to him or over which he has dominion. The principal ingredient of the offence being dishonest misappropriation or conversion which may not ordinarily be a matter of direct proof, entrustment of property and failure in breach of an obligation to account for the property entrusted if proved, may, in the light of other circumstances, justifiably lead to an inference of dishonest misappropriation or conversion”.
Question:
X tracks down an expensive necklace on the road. Not knowing to whom it belongs. X sells it promptly to a jeweller without attempting to find the owner or submitting the necklace to the authorities. Decide the liability of X.
Read the passage and answer the question that follow.
In the case of M/S Halonex Limited, 59-A Noida vs State of U.P., it was held that “In reply to the aforesaid submission, learned counsel for opposite party no.2 submitted that the case of the applicants that no amount is due from their side to the complainant is a matter of defence which cannot be considered at this stage. It has been submitted that the term 'entrustment' as used in Section 405 IPC has been given a wider interpretation. It has been submitted that the goods returned by the complainant to the Company for replacement or for reimbursement would be deemed to have been entrusted to the Company and as the applicants 2 & 3 were handling its affair they become responsible. To buttress the said submission, the learned counsel for the complainant drew the attention of the Court to a decision of the Apex Court in the case of Ram Narayan Popli Vs. Central Bureau of Investigation: (2003) 3 SCC 641, wherein it was observed that: "the term "entrustment" is not necessarily a term of law. It may have different implications in different contexts. In its most general signification all it imports is the handing over possession for some purpose which may not imply the conferring of any proprietary right at all." Attention was also drawn to an observation made in the judgment of the aforesaid case, where it was observed that: "to establish the charge of criminal breach of trust, the prosecution is not obliged to prove the precise mode of conversion, misappropriation or misapplication by the accused of the property entrusted to him or over which he has dominion. The principal ingredient of the offence being dishonest misappropriation or conversion which may not ordinarily be a matter of direct proof, entrustment of property and failure in breach of an obligation to account for the property entrusted if proved, may, in the light of other circumstances, justifiably lead to an inference of dishonest misappropriation or conversion”.
Question:
P borrows from L his phone for using it to call his parents. However, when L is distracted, P removes the memory card of the phone and later on sells it. Decide the liability of P.
Option: 1
P is guilty under dishonest misappropriation of property
Option: 2
P is not guilty for any offence since the phone was given with consent
Option: 3
P is guilty for theft
Option: 4
P has been handed over the phone, so he has the right to use it as he likes
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