Downloadable PDF to discover your potential. This carefully chosen resource includes comprehension exercises, vocabulary tests, grammar drills, and passage-based questions that follow the most recent CLAT format. This PDF provides concise explanations and answer keys to help you improve your accuracy and speed, regardless of whether you're struggling with tone, inference, or word usage. An essential resource for any serious candidate hoping to score highly on the CLAT 2026 exam! Download CLAT English Language Previous Year Question Papers with Detailed Solutions PDF
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English CLAT Questions and Answers
Benefits of Solving CLAT Previous Year Question Papers
CLAT Free Mock Test
Preparation Tips For CLAT English Language Section 2026
CLAT English Questions with Answer
English CLAT Questions and Answers
Let's gain a deeper understanding of the concept by solving CLAT English Language Previous Year questions with solutions. But first, let's look at the CLAT sample Questions with solutions for the English Language Section with detailed solutions.
Passage 1
Education is not the amount of information that is put into your brain and runs riot there, undigested, all your life. We must have life-building, man-making, character-making assimilation of ideas. ... If education were identical with information, the libraries would be the sages in the world and encyclopedias are the rishis. Getting by heart the thoughts of others in a school language and stuffing your brain with them and taking some university degrees, you consider your educated. Is this education? What is the goal of your education? Open your eyes and see what a piteous cry for food is rising in the land of Bharata. (Proverbial for India) Will your education fulfil this want?
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We want that education by which character is formed, strength of mind is increased, the intellect is expanded and by which one can stand on one's own feet. What we need is to study independent of foreign control, different branches of the knowledge that exist, and all that in the English language and Western science; we need technical education and all else that will develop industries so that men instead of seeking for service may earn enough to provide themselves and save against a rainy day. The end and aim of all training, training, should be man-making. The end and aim of all training and education must be man-making. The training by which the current expression of will are brought under control and become fruitful, is called education. What our country now wants are muscles of iron and nerves of steel, gigantic wills, which nothing can resist, which can penetrate into the mysteries and secrets of the universe and will accomplish their purpose in any fashion, even if it meant going down to the bottom of the ocean, meeting death itself.
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There is only one method of attaining knowledge. It is by concentration. The very essence of education is concentration of mind. From the lowest to the highest men, all who have become great have become so by concentration. The chemist who works in the laboratory uses the same method to attain knowledge. Knowledge is acquired by concentration.
1. Education, as described by the author means:
(A) Information (B) Library (C) Character (D) None of the above
Correct Answer: (C) Character
Explanation:
The author explicitly states that education is not just about information, but about "life-building, man-making, character-making assimilation of ideas". Thus, the essence of true education lies in building character.
2. As per the author, the aim of education should be:
(A) To help a person build his/her character (B) To help a person earn his/her livelihood (C) To help a person develop his/her intellect (D) All of the above
Correct Answer: (D) All of the above
Explanation:
The author says we want an education "by which character is formed, strength of mind is increased, the intellect is expanded, and one can stand on one’s own feet", which clearly includes character building, earning a livelihood, and intellectual development.
3. According to the author the country wants:
(A) Massive will power (B) Spirit of philanthropy (C) Iron and steel industries (D) All of the above
Correct Answer: (A) Massive will power
Explanation:
The author emphasizes the need for "muscles of iron and nerves of steel, gigantic wills", which clearly indicates massive will power as the most urgent requirement for the country.
4. According to the author, we need to study:
(A) English Language (B) Technical Education (C) Western Science (D) All of the above
Correct Answer: (D) All of the above
Explanation:
The author mentions the need to study "English language, Western science, and technical education", all of which are essential to building industries and achieving self-reliance.
5. According to the author, which among the following is key to attain knowledge?
(A) University Degrees (B) Library (C) Concentration of mind (D) Hard work and sports training
Correct Answer: (C) Concentration of mind
Explanation:
The author directly states: "There is only one method of attaining knowledge. It is by concentration." Therefore, concentration of mind is key.
6. Which of the following words is related to the word “assimilation”?
(A) Superficial understanding (B) Indigestion (C) Internalization (D) All of the above
Correct Answer: (C) Internalization
Explanation:
The term "assimilation" in the context of the passage refers to the deep internalization and understanding of ideas, rather than superficial or undigested knowledge.
Passage 2
From a very early age, I knew that when I grew up, I should be a writer. I had the lonely child’s habit of making up stories and holding conversations with imaginary persons, and I think from the very start my literary ambitions were mixed up with the feeling of being isolated and undervalued. I knew that I had a facility with words and a power of facing unpleasant facts, and I felt that this created a sort of private world in which I could get my own back for my failure in everyday life. I wanted to write enormous naturalistic novels with unhappy endings, full of detailed descriptions and arresting similes, and also full of purple passages in which words were used partly for the sake of their sound. I will give all this background information not because I think one can assess a writer’s motives without knowing something of his early development.
His subject-matter will be determined by the age he lives in — at least this is true in tumultuous, revolutionary ages like our own — but before he ever begins to write, he will have acquired an emotional attitude from which he will never completely escape. It is his job to discipline his temperament and avoid getting stuck at some immature stage, or in some perverse mood, but if he escapes from his early influences altogether, he will have killed his impulse to write. I think there are four great motives for writing, at any rate for writing prose. They are: (i) Sheer egoism: Desire to seem clever, to be talked about, to be remembered after death, to get your own back on grown-ups who snubbed you in childhood. (ii) Aesthetic enthusiasm: Perception of beauty in the external world, or, on the other hand, in words and their right arrangement. (iii) Historical impulse: Desire to see things as they are, to find out true facts and store them up for the use of posterity. (iv) Political purpose: Desire to push the world in a certain direction, to alter other people’s idea of the kind of society that they should strive after.
[Extracted with edits from George Orwell’s “Why I Write”]
7. George Orwell’s loneliness during childhood led to:
(A) Estrangement with his father (B) Unhappy days (C) Making up stories (D) Unpleasant incidents
Answer: (C) Making up stories
Explanation: The passage states, "I had the lonely child’s habit of making up stories and holding conversations with imaginary persons..." confirming that his loneliness led to imaginative storytelling.
8. Why does Orwell give background information?
(A) He had the lonely child’s habits (B) It is essential to know about motives of writers (C) Because of his historic impulse (D) Due to the aesthetic enthusiasm
Answer: (B) It is essential to know about motives of writers
Explanation: Orwell says, "I will give all this background information not because I think one can assess a writer’s motives without knowing something of his early development." This indicates he gives background to explain a writer’s motivations.
9. If writer escapes from early impulses, he will ...
(A) Lose his urge to write (B) Be unable to write creatively (C) Be able to converse with imaginary characters (D) Be able to influence others
Answer: (A) Lose his urge to write
Explanation: Orwell states, "...if he escapes from his early influences altogether, he will have killed his impulse to write." Thus, completely escaping those impulses may stop him from writing altogether.
10. For the author, aesthetic enthusiasm is an important motive for writing because it ...
(A) Shapes the thoughts (B) Creates an artistic piece (C) Becomes invaluable (D) Non-utilitarian
Answer: (B) Creates an artistic piece
Explanation: Orwell defines aesthetic enthusiasm as "perception of beauty in the external world, or, on the other hand, in words and their right arrangement," indicating its artistic value.
11. The author strongly advocates the writers to:
(A) Avoid any egoistic impression in their work (B) Be political in their approach (C) Be contemporary in their treatment of their work (D) None of the above
Answer: (C) Be contemporary in their treatment of their work
Explanation: Orwell writes, "His subject-matter will be determined by the age he lives in — at least this is true in tumultuous, revolutionary ages like our own..." suggesting writers should reflect their times.
12. Which of the following is a synonym for the word “tumultuous”?
(A) Chaotic (B) Disorderly (C) Turbulent (D) All of the above
Answer: (D) All of the above
Explanation: “Tumultuous” means loud, confused, and disorderly — all synonyms listed (chaotic, disorderly, turbulent) accurately reflect this meaning.
Passage 3
Punctually at midday, he opened his bag and spread out his professional equipment, which consisted of a dozen orche shells, a square piece of cloth with obscure mystic charts on it, a notebook, and a bundle of palmyra writing. His forehead was dazzling with sacred ash and vermilion, and his eyes sparkled with a sharp, abnormal gleam which was really an outcome of a continual searching look for customers, but which could easily be mistaken to be a prophetic light and felt comforted. The power of his eyes was considerably enhanced by their position—placed as they were between the painted forehead and the dark whiskers which streamed down his cheeks; even a half-wit’s eyes would sparkle in such a setting. People were attracted to him as bees are attracted to cosmos or dahlia stalks; he spread the pages of his books on the clean space and sat there alone with his rules willing through the town hall park. It was a remarkable place in many ways: a crowd always moving up and down this narrow road morning till night. A variety of trades and occupations was represented all along its way: medicine Sellers, sellers of stolen hardware and junk, magicians, and, above all, an auctioneer of cheap cloth, who created enough din all day to attract the whole town. Next to him, in vociferousness, came a vendor of fried groundnut, who gave his ware a fancy name each day, calling it "Bombay Ice Cream" one day, and on the next "Delhi Almond," and on the third "Raja’s Delicacy," and so on and so forth, and people flocked to him. A crowd always surrounded this crowd and billowed before the astrologer too. The astrologer transacted his business by the light of a flare which crackled and smoked up above the groundnut heap nearby. (Extracted with edits from “An Astrologer’s Day” by R.K. Narayan)
13. Which among the following is the meaning of the expression ‘vociferousness’?
(A) Expressing opinions or feelings in a loud and confident way (B) Words that are spoken or sung to have a magical effect (C) Willing or prepared to do something (D) To hang about aimlessly
Answer: (A) Expressing opinions or feelings in a loud and confident way
Explanation:
“Vociferousness” refers to being loud and forcefully expressive. In the passage, it is used to describe the vendor of groundnuts and his marketing style, which was second in loudness only to the auctioneer.
14. When did the astrologer usually start his day's business?
(A) When people are attracted to him as bees (B) When the sun comes up and down the road (C) Punctually at midday (D) By the light of a flare
Answer: (C) Punctually at midday
Explanation:
The very first line of the passage states, “Punctually at midday, he opened his bag...” indicating the exact time he begins his daily work.
15. What was considered as a prophetic light by the simple clients of the astrologer?
(A) The resplendent forehead of the astrologer with sacred ash and vermillion (B) The sparkling eyes of the astrologer with an abnormal gleam (C) The dark whiskers which streamed down the cheeks of the astrologer (D) The saffron-coloured turban around the head of astrologer
Answer: (B) The sparkling eyes of the astrologer with an abnormal gleam
Explanation:
The passage says the astrologer’s eyes had “a sharp, abnormal gleam…which could easily be mistaken to be a prophetic light” by his clients.
16. Which among the following is the word for the phrase ‘Bright and colourful in an impressive way’?
(A) Mystic (B) Flare (C) Sparkle (D) Dazzling
Answer: (D) Dazzling
Explanation:
“Dazzling” refers to something extremely bright and impressive, often visually. The astrologer's forehead is described as “dazzling with sacred ash and vermilion.”
17. Which among the following is not a trade or occupation represented in the pathway running through the town hall park?
(A) Magicians (B) Medicine sellers (C) Auctioneers of cheap Baps (D) Sellers of Stolen Hardware
Answer: (C) Auctioneers of cheap Baps
Explanation:
The passage lists several traders such as medicine sellers, magicians, sellers of stolen hardware, and an auctioneer of cheap cloth — not cheap Baps. Hence, (C) is incorrect and not represented.
18. Who among the following used names like “Bombay Ice Cream”, “Delhi Almond,” and “Raja’s Delicacy” to attract the crowd?
(A) The sellers of cheap Baps (B) The sellers of Medicine (C) The ice cream seller (D) The groundnut seller
Answer: (D) The groundnut seller
Explanation:
The passage clearly says, “Next to him... came a vendor of fried groundnut, who gave his ware a fancy name each day...”, indicating it was the groundnut seller.
Benefits of Solving CLAT Previous Year Question Papers
Preparing for the English Language sections of CLAT 2026 requires not just staying up to date with the types of questions asked but also mastering the test format. One of the finest strategies is to solve the previous year's exam papers. This is the cause:
Knowing the Syllabus and Exam Pattern: Exams from prior years demonstrate the CLAT 2026 Syllabus, CLAT Exam Pattern, structure, kind of questions, and weights given to various English Language skills. This lets applicants know what to expect and reduces surprises on exam day.
Helps in Time Management: By practising previous papers, students can learn time management skills, and candidates can increase their speed and accuracy, two critical skills in the competitive CLAT environment.
Identification of Important Topics: Commonly asked questions or issues covered in previous examinations emphasise important subjects. This insight makes it easier to prioritise study efforts effectively.
Tracking Performance and Self-assessment: Candidates can assess their degree of preparation, pinpoint their areas of weakness, and focus on improving those areas to improve their overall performance by taking these exams.
Boosts self-confidence: Familiarity breeds confidence. Solving previous years' papers regularly boosts confidence and reduces tension and anxiety by making the exam situation less intimidating.
Preparation Tips For CLAT English Language Section 2026
Here are the Preparation Tips for the CLAT 2026 English Language Section.
Recognise the portion Structure: It's Important to recognise the CLAT 2026 Exam Pattern. The English Language portion primarily consists of texts that measure comprehension, followed by questions that assess vocabulary, inference, and grammar in context. To properly organise your preparation, become familiar with the different kinds of readings (literature, current events, editorials) and the CLAT 2026 Syllabus.
Develop a Strong Reading Habit: Read The Hindu, The Indian Express, and periodicals like The Economist regularly. This enhances critical thinking, reading comprehension, and speed, all of which are essential for performing well on CLAT's passage-based questions.
Improve Your Usage and Vocabulary: Learn five to ten new words and review their antonyms, synonyms, and usage in context. You can improve your memory and answer CLAT's vocabulary-based questions by using resources like Word Power Made Easy or Vocabulary.com.
Practice Comprehension and Inference Questions: Focus on identifying the primary concept, tone, author’s viewpoint, and implied meanings in passages. You can become more comfortable with the format and timing of the questions by completing past years' CLAT papers and practice exams.
Practice Sentence Structure and Grammar: While CLAT does not assess grammar directly through individual questions, understanding is indirectly impacted by sentence construction and error detection. Accuracy can be increased by going over Wren & Martin's basic grammar rules.
Develop Time Management Skills: To ensure that you complete the English part quickly, give each passage 8 to 10 minutes of practice time. Using a timer to practice will help you balance accuracy and speed on the real test and help enhance Time management skills.
Analyse and Review Errors: After every practice or mock exam, go over your erroneous responses and determine what went wrong. You won't make the same errors on the final exam thanks to this analysis.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Q: How significant is vocabulary in the part on the English language for CLAT 2026?
A:
Particularly when it comes to comprehending word meanings in context, vocabulary is crucial. However, reading comprehension and critical thinking abilities receive a lot of attention.
Q: Is it beneficial to practice past years' papers for CLAT English?
A:
Yes, it is crucial to solve past years' papers and practice exams. It aids in pattern recognition, efficient time management, and understanding improvement.
Q: What format does the English language portion of the CLAT follow?
A:
The CLAT exam's English Language portion includes 28–32 reading comprehension-based questions. Typically, the questions assess comprehension, vocabulary, grammar, and the ability to infer meaning from texts.
Q: How can I get better at reading comprehension for the English portion of the CLAT?
A:
Practice reading a wide range of literature, including novels, newspapers, and court documents, to enhance your reading comprehension. Pay close attention to the passage's core theme, tone, and context. Practice recognising important details such as facts, arguments, and conclusions as well.
Q: Which kinds of passages are part of the section on the English language?
A:
A wide range of genres, including literature, law, politics, science, history, and current affairs, may be represented in the passages. Usually ranging from 300 to 400 words, these readings are followed by five to seven questions.
While NLUs are costly, you can still pursue government-funded law education through state-funded universities and their affiliated colleges that accept CLAT scores, such as institutes like Banaras Hindu University and Aligarh Muslim University.
It is always better to take the CLAT exam right after Class 12 if your goal is to build a career in law, because CLAT UG is specifically designed for admission into integrated five-year law programs like BA LLB, BCom LLB, or BBA LLB. Appearing after Class 12 saves you time, as you complete both graduation and law together in a single course. On the other hand, if you first complete graduation and then plan for law, you will not be eligible for CLAT UG but instead for CLAT PG, which is meant for admission into LLM programs. This path takes longer, because you first spend three or four years on graduation and then add another three years in an LLB program if you choose not to go for an integrated course. So, if you are already sure about pursuing law as your career, writing CLAT right after Class 12 is the smarter and time-saving option, while writing it after graduation makes sense only if you are considering higher studies in law or a shift in career later.
For CLAT, the most important topics are from Legal Reasoning, Current Affairs & GK, the Indian Constitution, English Language, Quantitative Techniques and Logical Reasoning. For a brief detail you can go through the following link:
https://law.careers360.com/articles/clat-important-topics
Read the passage carefully and answer the question
The Contract should be performed by the promisor himself. However, in certain cases, it can also be performed by his agents or legal representatives. It all depends upon the intention of the parties. Normally a contract can be performed by the following persons.
Promisor himself: If from the nature of the contract it appears that it was the intention of the parties that the promise should be performed by the promisor himself, such promise must be performed by the promisor. This usually applies to contracts involving personal skill, task, or artwork.
Promisor or his Agent: Where the contract does not involve the personal skill of the promisor, the contract could be performed by the promisor himself or by any competent person employed by him for the purpose,
Legal Representatives: The contracts which do not involve any personal skill or taste, may be performed by his legal representative after the death of the promisor.
Third Person: In some cases, a contract may be performed by a third person provided the promisee accepts the arrangement. According to Section 41 of the Indian Contract Act, once the promisee accepts the performance from a third person, he cannot compel the promisor to perform the contract again.
Performance of Joint Promises: According to section 42 of the Indian Contract Act, when two or more persons have made a joint promise, the joint promisors must fulfill the promise jointly during their lifetime. And if any one of them dies, then his legal representatives and survivors must jointly fulfill the promise.
Section 43 of the Indian Contract Act further provides that unless a contrary intention appears from the contract, each joint promisor may compel every other joint promisor to contribute equally to the performance of the promise. If any joint promisor makes a default in such contribution, the remaining joint promisors must bear the loss arising from such default in equal shares.
Question:
Aman received a box of chocolates from Basant and promised to pay Rupees 5000. Later on, A becomes bankrupt. Chetan who is a friend of Aman pays rupees 1000 to Besant on behalf of Aman. Aman is not aware of such a transaction. In civil court, insolvency proceedings have started against Aman. Meanwhile, Basant has also applied for a recovery of 5000 rupees. Decide.
Option: 1
Basant is entitled to recover the amount of 5000 from Aman.
Option: 2
Basant is entitled to recover the amount of 4000 from Aman.
Option: 3
Chetan is entitled to recover the amount of 1000 from Basant.
Option: 4
Basant cannot recover any amount from Aman as he has become insolvent.
Read the passage carefully and answer the question
The Contract should be performed by the promisor himself. However, in certain cases, it can also be performed by his agents or legal representatives. It all depends upon the intention of the parties. Normally a contract can be performed by the following persons.
Promisor himself: If from the nature of the contract it appears that it was the intention of the parties that the promise should be performed by the promisor himself, such promise must be performed by the promisor. This usually applies to contracts involving personal skill, task, or artwork.
Promisor or his Agent: Where the contract does not involve the personal skill of the promisor, the contract could be performed by the promisor himself or by any competent person employed by him for the purpose,
Legal Representatives: The contracts which do not involve any personal skill or taste, may be performed by his legal representative after the death of the promisor.
Third Person: In some cases, a contract may be performed by a third person provided the promisee accepts the arrangement. According to Section 41 of the Indian Contract Act, once the promisee accepts the performance from a third person, he cannot compel the promisor to perform the contract again.
Performance of Joint Promises: According to section 42 of the Indian Contract Act, when two or more persons have made a joint promise, the joint promisors must fulfill the promise jointly during their lifetime. And if any one of them dies, then his legal representatives and survivors must jointly fulfill the promise.
Section 43 of the Indian Contract Act further provides that unless a contrary intention appears from the contract, each joint promisor may compel every other joint promisor to contribute equally to the performance of the promise. If any joint promisor makes a default in such contribution, the remaining joint promisors must bear the loss arising from such default in equal shares.
Question:
K promises to paint a picture for L on a certain day, at a certain price. K dies before the day of the contract. Decide.
Option: 1
The contract can be enforced by K’s representative
Option: 2
The contract can be enforced by L
Option: 3
The contract can be enforced either by K’s representation or by L
Option: 4
The contract cannot be enforced either by K’s representative, or L
Read the passage carefully and answer the question
The Contract should be performed by the promisor himself. However, in certain cases, it can also be performed by his agents or legal representatives. It all depends upon the intention of the parties. Normally a contract can be performed by the following persons.
Promisor himself: If from the nature of the contract it appears that it was the intention of the parties that the promise should be performed by the promisor himself, such promise must be performed by the promisor. This usually applies to contracts involving personal skill, task, or artwork.
Promisor or his Agent: Where the contract does not involve the personal skill of the promisor, the contract could be performed by the promisor himself or by any competent person employed by him for the purpose,
Legal Representatives: The contracts which do not involve any personal skill or taste, may be performed by his legal representative after the death of the promisor.
Third Person: In some cases, a contract may be performed by a third person provided the promisee accepts the arrangement. According to Section 41 of the Indian Contract Act, once the promisee accepts the performance from a third person, he cannot compel the promisor to perform the contract again.
Performance of Joint Promises: According to section 42 of the Indian Contract Act, when two or more persons have made a joint promise, the joint promisors must fulfill the promise jointly during their lifetime. And if any one of them dies, then his legal representatives and survivors must jointly fulfill the promise.
Section 43 of the Indian Contract Act further provides that unless a contrary intention appears from the contract, each joint promisor may compel every other joint promisor to contribute equally to the performance of the promise. If any joint promisor makes a default in such contribution, the remaining joint promisors must bear the loss arising from such default in equal shares.
Question:
Rohan has agreed to manage the catering services during the marriage of Sohan’s son Ramu. On the day of marriage, Rohan felt ill and sent his manager to the management of catering services. Ramu happily gets married to Tina and people appreciated the food and decoration of the event. When Rohan asked Sohan for the remaining amount, he denied it because Rohan himself had not managed so it is a breach. Decide.
Option: 1
Rohan is not entitled to get the remaining amount due to a breach of contract.
Option: 2
Rohan is entitled to sue Sohan for the remaining amount.
Option: 3
Rohan is entitled to sue Ramu because it was his marriage.
Option: 4
Instead of Rohan, his manager can only sue Sohan for the breach.
Read the passage and answer the question that follow.
Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.
It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.
The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.
Question:
X is a student of a college and his father Y is a professor in the same college. In one instance, X is caught to be involved in unparliamentary activities inside the college campus. The enquiry committee is set up and Y is appointed as the head of the committee. Decide.
Option: 1
Y is a professor of the same college hence he can become a member of the enquiry committee
Option: 2
Y is X’s father hence he should not be a part of the enquiry committee
Option: 3
Y can be a part of the enquiry committee but cannot be its head
Option: 4
There is no rule that prevents the appointment of Y until he fulfils his function diligently
Read the passage and answer the question that follow.
Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.
It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.
The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.
Question:
Mr X is an employee of a corporate office. His wife Y is a judge. In one instance, X is found to be involved in a money laundering case at his office. The office now files a suit and Y is appointed as the judge for this case. Decide.
Option: 1
Y is a judge by herself, hence can be appointed to adjudicate this case
Option: 2
Y is can be appointed as a judge only if she fulfils her responsibilities without any bias
Option: 3
Y can adjudicate the case and if the company finds the penalty to be insufficient then they can appeal against it
Read the passage and answer the question that follow.
Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.
It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.
The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.
Question:
X was a renowned cricketer in the 1980s. His son Y is a struggling cricketer who has been trying to get into the national team for many years. In the year 2020, X is appointed as a member of the selection committee. In the match which is supposed to decide the final team of the nation, Y scores a century and Z scores 65 runs. However, Z is selected to represent India and Y is not. Y now appeals against the decision, the main ground being the presence of X in the committee. Decide.
Option: 1
The appeal will stand as Y scored a century yet Z was selected after scoring 65 runs
Option: 2
The appeal will be quashed since X’s presence should have benefitted Y, but it didn’t, hence the rejection of Y is valid
Option: 3
The appeal will stand as X’s presence is a factor of bias
Option: 4
The appeal will be quashed since X was a renowned cricketer
Read the passage and answer the question that follow.
Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.
It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.
The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.
Question:
X is a married judge who is well known for his honesty in the entire city. He has a son Y. One fine day Y gets kidnapped and the kidnapper demands a sum of 20 lakhs from X. However, the kidnapper is caught by the police. X is now appointed as the judge for the hearing of the kidnapper. Decide.
Option: 1
X can be the judge since he can decide the punishment better as he was the sufferer
Option: 2
X cannot be the judge since there is a possibility that he will be biased while delivering the judgement
Option: 3
X can be the judge since he is renowned for his honesty and fulfil his duties
Option: 4
X can be the judge but his statement can be appealed against if delivered with bias
Read the passage and answer the question that follow.
Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.
It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.
The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.
Question:
X and Y have been married for five years. X is a judge and Y is a doctor. X is pretty much unhappy with his married life so he wants to divorce Y. Y refuses to agree to a divorce by mutual consent hence X files a suit against Y. Decide.
Option: 1
X cannot file a suit since he is a judge
Option: 2
X can file a suit against Y in legal capacity but not as a judge
Option: 3
X cannot file a divorce suit against Y since there is no valid ground for divorce
Option: 4
X can proceed with mutual consent but not contested divorce
Read the passage and answer the question that follow.
In the case of M/S Halonex Limited, 59-A Noida vs State of U.P., it was held that “In reply to the aforesaid submission, learned counsel for opposite party no.2 submitted that the case of the applicants that no amount is due from their side to the complainant is a matter of defence which cannot be considered at this stage. It has been submitted that the term 'entrustment' as used in Section 405 IPC has been given a wider interpretation. It has been submitted that the goods returned by the complainant to the Company for replacement or for reimbursement would be deemed to have been entrusted to the Company and as the applicants 2 & 3 were handling its affair they become responsible. To buttress the said submission, the learned counsel for the complainant drew the attention of the Court to a decision of the Apex Court in the case of Ram Narayan Popli Vs. Central Bureau of Investigation: (2003) 3 SCC 641, wherein it was observed that: "the term "entrustment" is not necessarily a term of law. It may have different implications in different contexts. In its most general signification all it imports is the handing over possession for some purpose which may not imply the conferring of any proprietary right at all." Attention was also drawn to an observation made in the judgment of the aforesaid case, where it was observed that: "to establish the charge of criminal breach of trust, the prosecution is not obliged to prove the precise mode of conversion, misappropriation or misapplication by the accused of the property entrusted to him or over which he has dominion. The principal ingredient of the offence being dishonest misappropriation or conversion which may not ordinarily be a matter of direct proof, entrustment of property and failure in breach of an obligation to account for the property entrusted if proved, may, in the light of other circumstances, justifiably lead to an inference of dishonest misappropriation or conversion”.
Question:
X tracks down an expensive necklace on the road. Not knowing to whom it belongs. X sells it promptly to a jeweller without attempting to find the owner or submitting the necklace to the authorities. Decide the liability of X.
Read the passage and answer the question that follow.
In the case of M/S Halonex Limited, 59-A Noida vs State of U.P., it was held that “In reply to the aforesaid submission, learned counsel for opposite party no.2 submitted that the case of the applicants that no amount is due from their side to the complainant is a matter of defence which cannot be considered at this stage. It has been submitted that the term 'entrustment' as used in Section 405 IPC has been given a wider interpretation. It has been submitted that the goods returned by the complainant to the Company for replacement or for reimbursement would be deemed to have been entrusted to the Company and as the applicants 2 & 3 were handling its affair they become responsible. To buttress the said submission, the learned counsel for the complainant drew the attention of the Court to a decision of the Apex Court in the case of Ram Narayan Popli Vs. Central Bureau of Investigation: (2003) 3 SCC 641, wherein it was observed that: "the term "entrustment" is not necessarily a term of law. It may have different implications in different contexts. In its most general signification all it imports is the handing over possession for some purpose which may not imply the conferring of any proprietary right at all." Attention was also drawn to an observation made in the judgment of the aforesaid case, where it was observed that: "to establish the charge of criminal breach of trust, the prosecution is not obliged to prove the precise mode of conversion, misappropriation or misapplication by the accused of the property entrusted to him or over which he has dominion. The principal ingredient of the offence being dishonest misappropriation or conversion which may not ordinarily be a matter of direct proof, entrustment of property and failure in breach of an obligation to account for the property entrusted if proved, may, in the light of other circumstances, justifiably lead to an inference of dishonest misappropriation or conversion”.
Question:
P borrows from L his phone for using it to call his parents. However, when L is distracted, P removes the memory card of the phone and later on sells it. Decide the liability of P.
Option: 1
P is guilty under dishonest misappropriation of property
Option: 2
P is not guilty for any offence since the phone was given with consent
Option: 3
P is guilty for theft
Option: 4
P has been handed over the phone, so he has the right to use it as he likes
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