List of NLUs in India 2024: NIRF Ranking, Courses, Admission Process

List of NLUs in India 2024: NIRF Ranking, Courses, Admission Process

Edited By Shubham Bhakuni | Updated on Sep 06, 2024 04:22 PM IST | #CLAT
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National Law Universities (NLUs) are the premier law schools in India and are seen as flagbearers of legal education. Currently, there are 26 NLUs in India. There is an off-campus of GNLU Gandhinagar known as GNLU Silvassa. RPNLU Prayagaraj is the latest entry in the list of NLUs in India which started accepting admissions into BA LLB based on CLAT scores. NLU Delhi is also offering BCom LLB programme from 2024-25 onwards with 60 seats. This has increased the AILET seat intake. The NLUs represent the second-generation reforms in legal education. The National Law School of India University (NLSIU) Bengaluru was the first NLU in India, established under the National Law School of India Act (Karnataka Act 22 of 1986).

Out of 26 NLUs, 24 offer admissions through the Common Law Admission Test. NLU Delhi conducts its admission on the basis of All India Law Entrance Test. For NLU Meghalaya admissions, the university conducts its own entrance exam. CNLU Patna conducts its separate admission test for the LLM programme. Although RPNLU Prayagraj uses CLAT scores for its admission, it is not part of the centralised admission and counselling.

Almost all national law universities (NLUs) offer integrated LLB, LLM and PhD programmes. Some of the NLUs also offer various certification programmes. NLSIU Bengaluru and NLUO Cuttack are the only NLUs to offer a 3-year LLB programme for students who have completed their graduation. NLSIU Bengaluru offers admission to 3-year LLB through National Law School Admission Test (NLSAT) which is conducted online. In this article, students can get the full list of NLUs along with various other related details including law courses, admission process, seats, entrance exam, and cutoffs for NLUs.

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NLU Full Form

The full form of NLU stands for National Law University. These universities were established to take legal education in India on par with global standards. They are no less in status than IIMs and IITs are for management and engineering respectively. Currently, there are 26 NLUs in the country. Read on to find out the list of NLUs in India rank-wise.

Top NLUs in India

NLU ranking is an important factor for candidates when deciding their preferred institute. The Ministry of Education has published the NIRF law rankings 2024 on August 12, 2024. There are 16 NLUs in the list of top government law colleges in NIRF rankings 2024. The top four NLUs in the NIRF rankings remain the same as last year. NLSIU Bengaluru occupies the top spot in NIRF law rankings.

National Law Universities Seat Intake (Including NRI/FN/Supernumerary seats)

NLUs

UG Intake

PG Intake

NLSIU Bengaluru

315

126
NLU Delhi18080

NALSAR Hyderabad

132

66

WBNUJS Kolkata

196

102

NLIU Bhopal

207

65

NLU Jodhpur

148

80

HNLU Raipur

187

94

GNLU Gandhinagar

2024

67

GNLU Silvassa Campus

66

33

RMLNLU Lucknow

191

55

RGNUL Patiala

214

71

CNLU Patna

138( 69 seats each for BA LLB and BBA LLB

60

NUALS Kochi

78

70

NLUO, Odisha, Cuttack

180 (BA LLB 120, BBA LLB 60)

50

NUSRL Ranchi

201

67

NLUJA Assam, Guwahati

60

40

DSNLU Visakhapatnam

138

69

TNNLU Tiruchirappalli

120 (BA LLB 60 , B.Com LLB 60)

63

MNLU Mumbai

122

72

MNLU Nagpur

240 (BA LLB 120, BBA LLB 60, BA LLB (Adjudication and justicing 60)

60

MNLU Aurangabad

120 (BA LLB 60, BBA LLB 60)

60

HPNLU Shimla

138

128

DNLU Jabalpur

134

57

DBRANLU, Sonipat, Haryana

120

-

NLUT Agartala

60

50
NLU Meghalaya--
RPNLU Prayagraj60-

List of Top NLUs in India - NIRF NLU Ranking

NLU NameNIRF Ranking 2024NIRF Ranking 2023NIRF Ranking 2022NIRF Ranking 2021NIRF Ranking 2020
NLSIU Bangalore11111
NLU Delhi22222
NALSAR Hyderabad33433
WBNUJS Kolkata44546
GNLU Gandhinagar87867
NLU Jodhpur--1085
NLIU Bhopal2118151417
RMNLU Lucknow2021171511
RGNUL Patiala2420181610
NLUJA Kamrup2728242016
NLU Odisha, Cuttack2630251814
CNLU Patna31----
NUALS Kochi38----
NUSRL Ranchi2224---
DSNLU Visakhapatnam39----
NLU Trichy-----
MNLU Mumbai31
---
MNLU Nagpur-----
MNLU Aurangabad-----
NLU Shimla-----
NLU Jabalpur-----
HNLU Raipur-----
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar National Law University-----
GNLU Silvassa-----
NLU Tripura-----
NLU Meghalaya-----
RPNLU Prayagraj-----
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Law Courses Offered by Top NLUs in India

The national law universities offer 5-year integrated LLB, 3-year LLB, LLM and PhD courses. Candidates may check the list of law programmes offered by NLUs below.

Law Programmes offered by NLUs

UG CoursesPG Courses

BA LLB (Hons.)

LLM

BBA LLB

LLD

BCom LLB

PhD in Law

BSc LLB

PG Diploma in Urban Environmental Management and Law (NLU Delhi)

BLS LLB

Post Graduate Diploma in Tourism and Environmental Law (NLU Delhi)

Post Graduate Diploma in Environmental Law and Policy (NLU Delhi)

Some NLUs such as NLSIU Bangalore also offer Master of Public Policy, Certificate courses in various disciplines of law, and MBA courses.

NLU Courses Full List

NLUUG Law ProgrammePG Law Programme

NLU Delhi

BA LLB

LLM

NLSIU Bangalore

BA LLB

LLM

1. Business Laws

2. Human Rights law

NLU Hyderabad

BA LLB

LLM

Specialisation in Corporate

Commercial laws;

Criminal law;

Family law;

Intellectual property;

International trade and business law;

legal pedagogy and research and public law and legal theory

NLIU Bhopal

BA LLB

LLM

Intellectual Property & Business Law;

Constitutional and Administrative Law;

Human Rights and Criminal Law

NLU Jodhpur

BA., LL.B.

B.SC., LL.B.

LLM

Corporate Laws

IPR Laws

NUJS Kolkata

BA LLB

BSc LLB

LLM1.

Corporate and Commercial Law

International Law

Criminal and Security Laws

HNLU Raipur

BA LLB

LLM

Research Methods and Legal Writing

Comparative Public Law/Systems of Governance

Law and Justice in a Globalizing World

GNLU Gandhinagar

BA., LL.B.

B.Com.LL.B.

LLM

Comparative Public Law/Systems of Governance

Research Methods and Legal Writing

Law and Justice in a Globalizing World

NLU Lucknow

BA LLB

LLM

Constitutional and Administrative Law

Corporate Law

Criminal and Security Law

International Law

RGNUL Patiala

BA LLB

LLM

Business Law

Constitutional Law

Criminal Law

International Law

CNLU Patna

BA LLB

-

NLU Kochi

BA LLB

LLM

NLU Odisha

BA., LL.B.

B.BA., LL.B.

LLM

Corporate Law & Commercial Law (CCL)

Constitutional Law

NLU Ranchi

BA LLB

LLM

Intellectual Property Rights

Corporate and Commercial Law

Constitutional and Administrative Law

NLU Assam

BA LLB

LLM

Corporate and Commercial Laws;

Intellectual Property Laws;

International Law;

Environmental Law;

Constitutional Law

Personal Laws;

Human Rights Law

NLU Visakhapatnam

BA LLB

LLM

Legal Aspects of the Commercial Transactions

Corporate Securities Laws

Insolvency and Bankruptcy Law

Information Technology and Commercial Law

Investment and Trade Law

Infrastructure Law

NLU Trichy

BA., LL.B.

BCom LL.B.

LLM

Corporate and Securities Laws

Intellectual Property Laws

Natural Resources Law

MNLU Mumbai

BA LLB

LLM

Corporate & Commercial Law

Constitutional & Administrative Law

Criminal & Security Law

MNLU Nagpur

BA LLB

LLM

Corporate and Commercial Laws;

Intellectual Property Laws;

Constitutional Law;

Personal Laws;

Energy and Telecommunication Laws

MNLU Aurangabad

BA LLB


NLU Shimla

BA., LL.B.

B.BA., LL.B.

LLM

Constitutional Law

Criminal Law

NLU Jabalpur

BA LLB

LLM

NLU Sonipat

BA LLB

-

NLU Meghalaya



BA LLB

BBA LLB

BS LLB

LLM

GNLU Silvassa Campus

BA LLB

LLM

NLUT Agartala


BA LLB

LLM

RPNLU MeghalayaBA LLB-
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NLU Admission Process

The NLU admission process consists of the candidates first appearing for a law entrance exam. Shortlisted candidates are then required to attend the counselling and seat allotment process. The steps in the NLU admissions are given below.

  • Complete the registration for the entrance exam
  • Appear for the exam and obtain a valid score
  • Register for the counselling process
  • Publication of merit list by the NLU/ Consortium
  • Complete admission formalities such as document verification and payment of admission fee

Entrance Exams for NLUs

There are two law entrance exams for admission to national law universities (NLUs). The first one is the Common Law Admission Test (CLAT) organised by the Consortium of National Law Universities (NLUs). It is a common entrance exam for admission to 23 national law universities (NLUs). The second is the All India Law Entrance Test (AILET) of the National Law University Delhi. It is important to note here that NLU Delhi is not a member NLU of the CLAT Consortium, so the CLAT scores are not accepted by it. NLU Meghalaya also conducts its exams namely MEG UAT and MEG PAT for its UG and PG admissions respectively.

CNLU Patna also conducts a separate admission test for the LLM programme. The university’s UG programme is offered through CLAT.

Admission to NLUs through CLAT

The Common Law Admission Test or CLAT is one of the most popular law entrance tests. It is conducted offline, in pen and paper format, across the country. The application form for CLAT is typically released in July and the entrance exam is conducted in the first or second week of December. The consortium tries to complete its admission process before May. The first week of August is the time when most of the NLUs commence their classes.

Admission to NLU Delhi through AILET

The NLU Delhi’s entrance examination, AILET, is also an offline-based examination conducted across the country. The application form of AILET is released for BA LLB, LLM and PhD programmes, around August. The exam is conducted in December and the classes start in the first week of August.

NLUs Admission - Eligibility Criteria

The eligibility criteria for admission to law programmes are the same across all 22 national law universities under the CLAT Consortium. NLU Delhi specified its eligibility criteria separately in its admission notification. Even though the basic eligibility criteria remain the same for admission across NLUs. Here are the details of NLU's eligibility criteria.

NLUs admission eligibility criteria

CriteriaDetails

Educational qualification

  • Integrated LLB - Class 12 or equivalent

  • LLM - LLB degree (3-year or integrated LLB)

Minimum marks required in qualifying exam

  • Integrated LLB - 45% (40% in case of SC/ST candidates)

  • LLM - 50% (45% in case of SC/ST candidates)


Age limit

No age limit

Detailed eligibility criteria

For CLAT - CLAT eligibility criteria

For NLU Delhi - AILET eligibility criteria

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AILET Vs CLAT - A comparison

One can find many similarities and differences in CLAT vs AILET comparison. CLAT is essentially a comprehension-based test designed to examine the reading and critical thinking skills of the aspirant. AILET on the other hand is a mix of both comprehension and non-comprehension-based questions. Here is a brief analysis of these two NLU entrance exams.

CLAT and AILET - An overview of the pattern

CategoryCLATAILET

Duration

2 hours

2 hours

Mode

Offline mode

Offline mode

Type of Questions

Multiple Type Questions (MCQs)

Questions will be asked from given passages

Multiple Type Questions (MCQs)

Comprehension-based questions will be given in English and Legal aptitude sections

Number of Questions

CLAT UG - 120 MCQs

CLAT PG - 120 questions

AILET BA LLB/LLM - 150

Total Marks

UG - 120 marks

PG - 120 marks

AILET BA LLB/LLM - 150

Marking scheme

Each question will carry 1 mark. 0.25 marks to be deducted for an incorrect answer.

Each question will carry 1 mark. 0.25 marks to be deducted for an incorrect answer.

Language

English

English

Also Read -

CLAT vs AILET - Comparison of syllabus and test structure

The syllabus of the AILET and CLAT exams are more or less the same. Both entrance tests are known for testing the necessary skills required for pursuing law. However, there are some differences between CLAT and AILET as well. For example, AILET has a test structure based on both comprehension-based questions as well as simple objective questions. In CLAT, however, almost the entire test paper will be based on comprehension-based passages of 300-450 words, making it a lengthy paper. Candidates may check the details of the CLAT and AILET test structure below.

CLAT Vs AILET: Syllabus and Test structure

ParticularsCLATAILET
Mode of examOfflineOffline
Duration2 hours2 hours
SectionsEnglish, Legal Reasoning, Logical Reasoning,English, Current Affairs, GK
Type of questionsMCQs
No. of questons120150
Marks120150
Marking scheme1 mark per question
0.25 negative marks for every wrong answer
1 mark per question
0.25 negative marks for every wrong answer


Also Read -

NLUs Fee Structure

For undergraduate law programmes, the annual fees of NLUs range from 1.5 lakh per annum to 2.62 lakh per annum. While, in the case of LLM programmes, the annual fees range from 1.13 lakh to 1.89 lakh. In top-ranked NLUs, the annual fees tend to be higher due to the various facilities offered by them in addition to regular classes. Candidates may check the details of NLU fee structure from the quick links given below.

Fees in NLUs

ParticularsDetails
NLU feesNLUs fee structure 2024

Top Universities in India

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. How many National Law Universities in India are in India

At present, there are 26 national law universities in India. 

2. How can I get admission to the top National Law Universities in India?

Admissions to NLUs are offered through entrance tests. You can appear in Common Law Admission Test which is accepted by 24 NLUs. Or, you can also appear in All India Law Entrance Test (AILET) for admission to National Law University Delhi. NLU Meghalaya conducts MEG UAT and MEG PAT for its UG and PG admissions.

3. What is full form of NLU?

The full fom of NLU is National Law University. 

4. What are the law programmes offered by national law universities in India?

The NLUs offer 3-year LLB, 5-year LLB, LLM, PG Diploma courses, PhD in Law, and several other programmes.

5. Which is the best NLU in India and What rank is required for NLSIU Bangalore?

According to NIRF ranking by the Government of India, NLSIU, Bangalore is the top law school in India. It is followed by NLU Delhi, NALSAR Hyderabad, WBNUJS Kolkata in the ranking list. 

6. Why NLU fees are so high?

National Law Universities are self-financing institutes which are not funded by the government. This makes them to charge high fees to provide better infrastructure and learning facilities. 

7. How many NLU are there in India?

There are 25 NLUs in India

8. Which are the top 5 NLUs in India?

NLSIU Bengaluru, NLU Delhi, NALSAR Hyderabad, WBNUJS Kolkata and GNLU Gandhinagar are the top 5 NLUs in India.

9. Which are the top 10 NLUs in India?

The top 10 NLUs in India are NLSIU Bengaluru, NLU Delhi, NALSAR Hyderabad, WBNUJS Kolkata, GNLU Gandhinagar, NLIU Bhopal, RGNLU Patiala, RMLNLU Lucknow and NUSRL Ranchi and NLUJA Assam.

10. Which NLU has highest fees?

NLSIU Bengaluru has the highest fees.

11. Is NLU a private or government college?

NLUs are government institutions.

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Questions related to CLAT

Have a question related to CLAT ?

These are usually allowed in most formals including law school exams like CLAT. But again, it is advisable to check the dress code released by CLAT authorities.


It is generally formal or more of a conservative dress code for law exams. Third-quarter sleeved kurti can be formal, but avoid wearing a style which is too revealing or casual.


Here are some tips about how to dress appropriately for the CLAT exam:


Comfort: Choose clothes that could make you feel comfortable and help you stay focused during the exam.

Dress modestly. Avoid too revealing or tight clothes.

Go for simple and elegant clothes.

Wear formal footwear. Close-toe shoes or loafers work well.

If the doubts regarding the details of the dress code persist, then it would be advisable to contact the CLAT authority or refer to the official notification to ascertain the new guidelines.









Yes, IPU accepts the CLAT UG score for admission to its BA LLB (Hons.) programme.


Thus, if you have appeared for the CLAT UG exam and have obtained a good score, you can definitely apply for the BA LLB program at IPU.


However, the eligibility criteria for this year and cut-offs may vary. And it is mentioned on the official IPU site or can also be contacted directly with the concerned university.


Note: The admission procedure and criteria of the college may change every year; therefore, refer to the latest information regarding this.

Hello,

1. Check Confirmation Email and Receipt

After submitting your form and payment, confirm you received an email with your application ID and receipt. Also, check spam or junk folders.

2. Log in to CLAT Account

On the official CLAT website, log in and review your application. Look for confirmation of payment status—“Completed” or “Successful” indicates a likely acceptance.

3. Verify Application Status on Dashboard

The dashboard should show your application status. Look for terms like "Successfully Submitted" to confirm everything went through.

4. Review Form Details

Double-check that all form sections are filled correctly, and verify all uploaded documents. Errors here can cause rejection.

5. Contact CLAT Helpdesk

If your form status is unclear, reach out to CLAT’s official helpline for confirmation.

6. Watch for Correction Windows

Stay updated on the CLAT website or email for any form correction windows if needed.

Following these steps should help confirm your form’s acceptance.

Hope it helps !

Nlsiu Banglore is one of the most prestigious and highly ranked college, that make is difficult to secure a seat for many students. To get in to nlsiu in 2025, you must score 95+ marks  to have assurance of seat for general category. For other categories, the score is between 85-90 based on previous trends.

About 25% seats of Nlsiu Banglore are reserved for Karnataka Residents. So ,it makes more competition for other state students to get into ,as one - fourth seats are already reserved.

To get into nlsiu Banglore ,you really need to work very hard, as thousands of students sit for exam, and only few of them are selected, about 50-60 students form general category.

Go through the previous year question papers.

Make a proper time table and strictly follow and

Give as many mock tests before exam as you can give to assure good score in clat 2025.

All the best!


According to previous year trends If you are aiming nmims law Hyderabad you should score between 95–100 for the general category in CLAT 2025 .and between 80–85 for the SC/ST and OBC categories.also,nmims accepts LSAT score too for admission in law college.cutoff always depends on various factors and likely to change so try to score as much as you can.

Moreover,same score is also accepted in admission to top NLUs, candidates should score above 90 to get in nlu Hyderabad and A score of around 80–90 is considered decent and you may get admission to lower-ranked NLUs.

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Passage 1
Read the passage below and answer the following question.
Cheating is considered a criminal offence under the Indian Penal Code. It is done to gain profit or advantage from another person by using some deceitful means. The person who deceives another knows for the fact that it would place the other person in an unfair situation. Cheating as an offence can be made punishable under Section 420 of the IPC. Scope of Section 415 Cheating is defined under Section 415 of the Indian Penal Code as whoever fraudulently or dishonestly deceives a person to induce that person to deliver a property to any person or to consent to retain any property. If a person intentionally induces a person to do or omit to do any act which he would not have done if he was not deceived to do so and the act has caused harm to that person in body, mind, reputation, or property, then the person who fraudulently, dishonestly or intentionally induced the other person is said to cheat. Any dishonest concealment of facts that can deceive a person to do an act that he would not have done otherwise is also cheating within the meaning of this section. Essential Ingredients of Cheating requires · deception of any person. Fraudulently or dishonestly inducing that person to deliver any property to any person or to consent that any person shall retain any property; or · intentionally inducing a person to do or omit to do anything which he would not do or omit if he were not so deceived, and the act or omission causes or is likely to cause damage or harm to that person in body, mind, reputation or property.
Deceit– a tort arising from an untrue or false statement of facts which are made by a person, recklessly or knowingly, with an intention that it shall be acted upon by the other person, who would suffer damages as a result. 
Fraud – a false or untrue representation of the fact, that is made with the knowledge of its falsity or without the belief in its truth or a reckless statement that may or may not be true, with an intention to induce a person or individual to act independent of it with the result that the person acts on it and suffers damages and harm. In other words, it is a wrong act or criminal deception with an intention to result in financial or personal gain.
Question - 1 
D went to a moneylender, Z, for the loan. D intentionally pledges the gold article with Z taking the loan. D knows that the article is not made of gold. After a few days, D leaves the village. Decide.

 

Option: 1 None

Option: 2 None

Option: 3 None

Option: 4 None

Read the passage carefully and answer the question

The Contract should be performed by the promisor himself. However, in certain cases, it can also be performed by his agents or legal representatives. It all depends upon the intention of the parties. Normally a contract can be performed by the following persons. 

  1. Promisor himself: If from the nature of the contract it appears that it was the intention of the parties that the promise should be performed by the promisor himself, such promise must be performed by the promisor. This usually applies to contracts involving personal skill, task, or artwork. 
  2. Promisor or his Agent: Where the contract does not involve the personal skill of the promisor, the contract could be performed by the promisor himself or by any competent person employed by him for the purpose, 
  3. Legal Representatives: The contracts which do not involve any personal skill or taste, may be performed by his legal representative after the death of the promisor.
  4. Third Person: In some cases, a contract may be performed by a third person provided the promisee accepts the arrangement. According to Section 41 of the Indian Contract Act, once the promisee accepts the performance from a third person, he cannot compel the promisor to perform the contract again. 
  5. Performance of Joint Promises: According to section 42 of the Indian Contract Act, when two or more persons have made a joint promise, the joint promisors must fulfill the promise jointly during their lifetime. And if any one of them dies, then his legal representatives and survivors must jointly fulfill the promise. 

Section 43 of the Indian Contract Act further provides that unless a contrary intention appears from the contract, each joint promisor may compel every other joint promisor to contribute equally to the performance of the promise. If any joint promisor makes a default in such contribution, the remaining joint promisors must bear the loss arising from such default in equal shares.

Question:

Aman received a box of chocolates from Basant and promised to pay Rupees 5000. Later on, A becomes bankrupt. Chetan who is a friend of Aman pays rupees 1000 to Besant on behalf of Aman. Aman is not aware of such a transaction. In civil court, insolvency proceedings have started against Aman. Meanwhile, Basant has also applied for a recovery of 5000 rupees. Decide.

Option: 1

Basant is entitled to recover the amount of 5000 from Aman.


Option: 2

Basant is entitled to recover the amount of 4000 from Aman.


Option: 3

Chetan is entitled to recover the amount of 1000 from Basant.


Option: 4

Basant cannot recover any amount from Aman as he has become insolvent.


Read the passage carefully and answer the question

The Contract should be performed by the promisor himself. However, in certain cases, it can also be performed by his agents or legal representatives. It all depends upon the intention of the parties. Normally a contract can be performed by the following persons. 

  1. Promisor himself: If from the nature of the contract it appears that it was the intention of the parties that the promise should be performed by the promisor himself, such promise must be performed by the promisor. This usually applies to contracts involving personal skill, task, or artwork. 
  2. Promisor or his Agent: Where the contract does not involve the personal skill of the promisor, the contract could be performed by the promisor himself or by any competent person employed by him for the purpose, 
  3. Legal Representatives: The contracts which do not involve any personal skill or taste, may be performed by his legal representative after the death of the promisor.
  4. Third Person: In some cases, a contract may be performed by a third person provided the promisee accepts the arrangement. According to Section 41 of the Indian Contract Act, once the promisee accepts the performance from a third person, he cannot compel the promisor to perform the contract again. 
  5. Performance of Joint Promises: According to section 42 of the Indian Contract Act, when two or more persons have made a joint promise, the joint promisors must fulfill the promise jointly during their lifetime. And if any one of them dies, then his legal representatives and survivors must jointly fulfill the promise. 

Section 43 of the Indian Contract Act further provides that unless a contrary intention appears from the contract, each joint promisor may compel every other joint promisor to contribute equally to the performance of the promise. If any joint promisor makes a default in such contribution, the remaining joint promisors must bear the loss arising from such default in equal shares.

Question:

K promises to paint a picture for L on a certain day, at a certain price. K dies before the day of the contract. Decide. 

Option: 1

The contract can be enforced by K’s representative 


Option: 2

The contract can be enforced by L


Option: 3

The contract can be enforced either by K’s representation or by L 


Option: 4

The contract cannot be enforced either by K’s representative, or L


Read the passage carefully and answer the question

The Contract should be performed by the promisor himself. However, in certain cases, it can also be performed by his agents or legal representatives. It all depends upon the intention of the parties. Normally a contract can be performed by the following persons. 

  1. Promisor himself: If from the nature of the contract it appears that it was the intention of the parties that the promise should be performed by the promisor himself, such promise must be performed by the promisor. This usually applies to contracts involving personal skill, task, or artwork. 
  2. Promisor or his Agent: Where the contract does not involve the personal skill of the promisor, the contract could be performed by the promisor himself or by any competent person employed by him for the purpose, 
  3. Legal Representatives: The contracts which do not involve any personal skill or taste, may be performed by his legal representative after the death of the promisor.
  4. Third Person: In some cases, a contract may be performed by a third person provided the promisee accepts the arrangement. According to Section 41 of the Indian Contract Act, once the promisee accepts the performance from a third person, he cannot compel the promisor to perform the contract again. 
  5. Performance of Joint Promises: According to section 42 of the Indian Contract Act, when two or more persons have made a joint promise, the joint promisors must fulfill the promise jointly during their lifetime. And if any one of them dies, then his legal representatives and survivors must jointly fulfill the promise. 

Section 43 of the Indian Contract Act further provides that unless a contrary intention appears from the contract, each joint promisor may compel every other joint promisor to contribute equally to the performance of the promise. If any joint promisor makes a default in such contribution, the remaining joint promisors must bear the loss arising from such default in equal shares.

Question:

Rohan has agreed to manage the catering services during the marriage of Sohan’s son Ramu. On the day of marriage, Rohan felt ill and sent his manager to the management of catering services. Ramu happily gets married to Tina and people appreciated the food and decoration of the event. When Rohan asked Sohan for the remaining amount, he denied it because Rohan himself had not managed so it is a breach. Decide.

 

Option: 1

Rohan is not entitled to get the remaining amount due to a breach of contract.


Option: 2

Rohan is entitled to sue Sohan for the remaining amount.


Option: 3

Rohan is entitled to sue Ramu because it was his marriage.


Option: 4

Instead of Rohan, his manager can only sue Sohan for the breach.


Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.

It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.

The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.

Question:

X is a student of a college and his father Y is a professor in the same college. In one instance, X is caught to be involved in unparliamentary activities inside the college campus. The enquiry committee is set up and Y is appointed as the head of the committee. Decide.

Option: 1

Y is a professor of the same college hence he can become a member of the enquiry committee


Option: 2

Y is X’s father hence he should not be a part of the enquiry committee


Option: 3

Y can be a part of the enquiry committee but cannot be its head


Option: 4

There is no rule that prevents the appointment of Y until he fulfils his function diligently


Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.

It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.

The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.

Question:

Mr X is an employee of a corporate office. His wife Y is a judge. In one instance, X is found to be involved in a money laundering case at his office. The office now files a suit and Y is appointed as the judge for this case. Decide.

Option: 1

Y is a judge by herself, hence can be appointed to adjudicate this case


Option: 2

Y is can be appointed as a judge only if she fulfils her responsibilities without any bias


Option: 3

Y can adjudicate the case and if the company finds the penalty to be insufficient then they can appeal against it


Option: 4

Y cannot be the judge in this case ab initio


Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.

It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.

The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.

Question:

X was a renowned cricketer in the 1980s. His son Y is a struggling cricketer who has been trying to get into the national team for many years. In the year 2020, X is appointed as a member of the selection committee. In the match which is supposed to decide the final team of the nation, Y scores a century and Z scores 65 runs. However, Z is selected to represent India and Y is not. Y now appeals against the decision, the main ground being the presence of X in the committee. Decide.

Option: 1

The appeal will stand as Y scored a century yet Z was selected after scoring 65 runs


Option: 2

The appeal will be quashed since X’s presence should have benefitted Y, but it didn’t, hence the rejection of Y is valid


Option: 3

The appeal will stand as X’s presence is a factor of bias


Option: 4

The appeal will be quashed since X was a renowned cricketer


Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.

It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.

The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.

Question:

X is a married judge who is well known for his honesty in the entire city. He has a son Y. One fine day Y gets kidnapped and the kidnapper demands a sum of 20 lakhs from X. However, the kidnapper is caught by the police. X is now appointed as the judge for the hearing of the kidnapper. Decide.

Option: 1

X can be the judge since he can decide the punishment better as he was the sufferer


Option: 2

X cannot be the judge since there is a possibility that he will be biased while delivering the judgement


Option: 3

X can be the judge since he is renowned for his honesty and fulfil his duties


Option: 4

X can be the judge but his statement can be appealed against if delivered with bias


Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.

It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.

The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.

Question:

X and Y have been married for five years. X is a judge and Y is a doctor. X is pretty much unhappy with his married life so he wants to divorce Y. Y refuses to agree to a divorce by mutual consent hence X files a suit against Y. Decide.

Option: 1

X cannot file a suit since he is a judge


Option: 2

X can file a suit against Y in legal capacity but not as a judge


Option: 3

X cannot file a divorce suit against Y since there is no valid ground for divorce


Option: 4

X can proceed with mutual consent but not contested divorce


Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

In the case of M/S Halonex Limited, 59-A Noida vs State of U.P., it was held that “In reply to the aforesaid submission, learned counsel for opposite party no.2 submitted that the case of the applicants that no amount is due from their side to the complainant is a matter of defence which cannot be considered at this stage. It has been submitted that the term 'entrustment' as used in Section 405 IPC has been given a wider interpretation. It has been submitted that the goods returned by the complainant to the Company for replacement or for reimbursement would be deemed to have been entrusted to the Company and as the applicants 2 & 3 were handling its affair they become responsible. To buttress the said submission, the learned counsel for the complainant drew the attention of the Court to a decision of the Apex Court in the case of Ram Narayan Popli Vs. Central Bureau of Investigation: (2003) 3 SCC 641, wherein it was observed that: "the term "entrustment" is not necessarily a term of law. It may have different implications in different contexts. In its most general signification all it imports is the handing over possession for some purpose which may not imply the conferring of any proprietary right at all." Attention was also drawn to an observation made in the judgment of the aforesaid case, where it was observed that: "to establish the charge of criminal breach of trust, the prosecution is not obliged to prove the precise mode of conversion, misappropriation or misapplication by the accused of the property entrusted to him or over which he has dominion. The principal ingredient of the offence being dishonest misappropriation or conversion which may not ordinarily be a matter of direct proof, entrustment of property and failure in breach of an obligation to account for the property entrusted if proved, may, in the light of other circumstances, justifiably lead to an inference of dishonest misappropriation or conversion”.

Question:

X tracks down an expensive necklace on the road. Not knowing to whom it belongs. X sells it promptly to a jeweller without attempting to find the owner or submitting the necklace to the authorities. Decide the liability of X.

Option: 1

Extortion


Option: 2

Criminal breach of trust


Option: 3

Theft


Option: 4

Criminal misappropriation of Property


Lawyer

A lawyer is a professional who practises law. An Individual in the lawyer career path defends his or her client's cases and makes arguments on his or her behalf in both criminal and civil proceedings. A lawyer may advise and assist clients on how they should handle their legal issues. An individual as a career in law in India is considered one of the most sought-after careers.

A lawyer's job requires inhibiting skills. It involves practical applications of abstract legal theories and knowledge to solve specialised individual problems or to facilitate the interests of those who hire a lawyer to perform legal services. Here, in this article, we will discuss how to become a lawyer after 10th, is lawyer a good career in India, and how to become a lawyer in India.

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