How to Prepare for CLAT After 12th?

How to Prepare for CLAT After 12th?

Edited By Ritika Jonwal | Updated on Jan 15, 2025 03:27 PM IST | #CLAT

How to Prepare for CLAT After 12th - If you are a CLAT 2026 aspirant, it is always safer to start your preparations early. However, it is never too late. Preparing for your CLAT exam after class 12 can give you a kick start in your study plans and avoid confusion among the courses and subjects you will have to study in that one year. Managing board examinations and the CLAT syllabus in class 12 can be a hassle for students. This article can assist students in how to prepare for CLAT after 12th.

How to Prepare for CLAT After 12th?
How to Prepare for CLAT After 12th?

How To Prepare For CLAT After Class 12

After completing Class 12th, students start wondering how to prepare for CLAT after class 12th. Given that, boards and the CLAT entrance exam have a short window for preparation. Thus, when to begin studying for the CLAT 2026 exam is a question that many students have. Fortunately, the CLAT 2026 syllabus isn't extremely challenging if the preparation tips are followed with focused efforts and consistently. A few of the preparation tips for CLAT 2026 after class 12th are provided below.

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1. Time Management For CLAT 2026

  • All CLAT 2026 aspirants must allocate sufficient time to both the CLAT syllabus and the board syllabus. For this the students can either maintain a timetable or prepare a schedule for the day/month, as per their convenience, allotting 2-3 hours to the CLAT syllabus and board syllabus each. For the time assigned to CLAT preparation, a specific time should be assigned subject-wise.
  • While managing the time, the students should also prioritise challenging subjects at the beginning of the year, to ensure there is less pressure at the end when there are hardly 2 months for the students between their board exams and CLAT.
  • Vacations/holidays and any other free time are essential for the students and can make their exam preparations worthwhile. Focusing on rewarding topics, and not being stuck on a particular topic can help you in moving ahead at a steady pace.
  • Students should also dedicate time to revisions, CLAT mock tests, sample papers, and past-year papers.
  • Smart planning and time management for the CLAT exam are the keys to striking a balance between both examinations. Set realistic, daily, or weekly goals and track your progress.
  • Macro preparation is the key to the best results. Having a mindset of what to complete in a week and month will take you to your dream NLU.
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2. Know the CLAT 2026 Exam Pattern

Students, before diving into how to prepare for CLAT from class 12, dive into managing time. Secondly, one should be clear with the CLAT exam pattern including the number of questions, time of the examination, marking scheme, exam mode, etc for planning the strategy of preparation. When you are aware of the exam pattern, it will be easier to set your goals and achieve them.

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ParticularsDetails
Exam Duration120 minutes (2 hours)
Mode of LanguageEnglish
Types of questionPassages based - MCQ type
Total Number of Questions120
Total Number of Sections5
Marking Scheme+1 For Correct Answer
-0.25 For Incorrect Answer

Also check - How to Prepare for CLAT in 6 Months

Exam sections

Number of questions

Total marks

No.of passage question

Weightage

English Language


22-26

22-26

4-5

20%

Current Affairs, General Knowledge


28-32

28-32

4-6

25%

Legal Reasoning


28-32

28-32

4-6

25%

Logical Reasoning


22-26

22-26

4-5

20%

Quantitative Aptitude

10-14

10-14

2-3

10%

Total

120

120


100%

3. CLAT 2026 Syllabus

The syllabus of the CLAT 2026 examination is divided into five sections as follows. Familiarity with the syllabus will help students to prepare for CLAT after the 12th. The preparation tips are as follows.

a) English Language

The CLAT English Language section tests your proficiency in English comprehension, grammar, vocabulary, and verbal reasoning. To score well in this section, focus on the following:

i. Vocabulary- Try and learn new words, their meanings, and how to use them in sentences, also strengthen your analogies, synonyms, and antonyms.

Quick Tip: Regular reading of newspapers will help you learn new words and how these words are being used in a particular sentence. Also, it will help you to enhance your reading speed which will in turn help in reading comprehension.

ii. Grammar- Revise your grammar rules, including tenses, articles, prepositions, and sentence structures.

Quick Tip: Regularly practice exercises from the model paper, focusing more on identifying the errors and correcting the errors in sentences.

Apart from vocabulary and grammar, students should also read passages to derive the main theme or intention/message of the passage, differentiate arguments, summarize the central point and arguments in the passage, learn to draw conclusions and deduce the meanings of sentences and words. The questions in CLAT are aimed to test the skills of inference and conclusion, vocabulary and comprehension reading.

Even though English is a scoring subject, reading comprehension and passages can be time-consuming. Considering CLAT is a time-based examination, students should develop a habit of regular reading and fast reading.

Also, check - How to Prepare for CLAT English Language

b) General Knowledge including Current Affairs

The Current Affairs section of CLAT 2026 tests your awareness of national and international events, legal developments, political changes, and social issues. Read regular newspapers such as the Hindu, the Indian Express and the Times of India. Also, keep yourself updated about all the legal news and the updates on landmark judgments. IAS websites are a good source of information on this subject.

For general knowledge read and solve questions in the following areas

  • Contemporary events of national and international importance
  • Arts and Culture
  • Historical events of current relevance
  • Politics
  • Sports
  • Celebrities and Famous Personalities
  • Static GK
  • Current Affairs
  • Science and Technology

Quick Tip: If you don’t have time to read newspapers every day, download any app or join a group that gives you short summaries in a few lines this will help you save time and will increase efficiency.

General knowledge and current affairs have a lot of weightage in the exam, however, it is not always possible for a student to know all the answers. Where most of the CLAT 2026 aspirants can score well in other subjects, the marks in the general knowledge section make the students better than the rest. To prepare for this subject, students should prepare notes, and revise questions of past papers and mock tests to be aware of as much information as possible. Maintain a register to note down important pieces of information, this will help during the revision before exams.

Also, check - How to Prepare for CLAT Current Affairs

c) Legal Reasoning

The CLAT Legal Reasoning section tests your ability to understand and apply legal principles and rules. Focus mainly on the legal concepts and terms such as the Latin terms from various branches of law, such as contract law, torts, constitutional law, etc. This section tests your analytical skill, to excel on that you need to study the landmark case study to understand how the law is applied in practical scenarios, and practice on such hypothetical situations.

Quick Tip: Solve a variety of mock questions related to legal reasoning to enhance your analytical and logical thinking abilities. Focus on reading judgments to understand the practical implication of Law.

  • Legal reasoning is also a scoring subject, but the student shall be very clear with the legal theories and knowledge to be able to answer.
  • In the legal reasoning section, the questions should be analyzed independently from the others, based on the information and facts provided and not make any irrational assumptions. T
  • The facts should be separated from the issues in the question provided and should be answered based on the conditions in the questions.
  • The students should not think about external or moral factors which are not involved in the question.
  • Understanding the question is essential and practicing different types of questions will make the students more familiar with the variety of questions that may come during the exam.

Also, check - How to Prepare For CLAT Legal Reasoning

d) Logical Reasoning

The Logical Reasoning section tests your logical and analytical reasoning skills. To excel in logical reasoning, practice questions from concepts that have a history of repetition, such as puzzles, seating arrangements, and number series questions. Also, focus on assumptions, arguments, and Venn diagram-based questions.

Quick Tip: Practice identifying patterns and relationships between objects or numbers in the questions to make a map of the question, this will improve your ability and accuracy to solve pattern-based questions.

Practice reading between the lines to derive the insight to solve the logic questions. Students should develop attentive reading and pay small attention to details.

Also, check - How to Prepare for CLAT Logical Reasoning

e) Quantitative Techniques:

The CLAT Quantitative Techniques section tests your mathematical and numerical ability. To excel in Quantitative Techniques, focus and brush up on your fundamentals from the class 10 mathematics syllabus, including topics like Percentage, Areas, Algebra, Number systems, Speed, Distance and Time, Profit and Loss, Probability, Statistical Estimation, Ratios, and Proportion. The second part of this section includes Data Interpretation questions to analyze and interpret data presented in various formats, such as tables, graphs, and charts.

Quick Tip: Work on your calculation speed and accuracy to solve problems quickly, and practice from a varied range of problems having different difficulty levels.

  • Many study materials provide tricks and shortcuts to solve mathematical questions. Learn and use such techniques to increase the speed of answering such questions. While focusing on each subject is crucial, however, some subjects are more scoring than others.
  • Quantitative aptitude and logical reasoning are the highest-scoring subjects. The student can understand all concepts before the examination and practice as many questions as possible to enhance the pace of solving these sections.
  • Students while giving the exam should also not answer all the questions they are not sure of, as wrong answers lead to negative marking and can bring the overall score down.
  • In practice tests, students should also concentrate on how they can approach the question, try to read it twice to confirm the question and be sure of the answer and avoid answering questions that have some probability of being correct.
  • A prior habit of not answering all questions which may seem correct, can help the student save a lot of marks.

Also, check - How To Prepare For CLAT Quantitative Techniques

4. CLAT 2026 Study Material

CLAT aspirants should gather and refer to books, previous year question papers, mock tests, and various other online sources to use as reference material for preparation for the examination.

Recommended Books for the CLAT 2026 Exam

To prepare for CLAT from class 12, students could refer to these books for effective preparation.

Section-wiseRecommended Books
EnglishWord Power Made Easy by Norman Lewis, High School English Grammar and Composition Key by Wren & Martin, and General English by SP Bakshi
Current Affairs and General KnowledgeNewspapers, Magazines, Important and Latest Judgments, Manorama Yearbook by Manorama, and Current Affairs Yearly by Arihant.
Logical ReasoningVerbal and Non-Verbal Reasoning by RS Agarwal, Universal’s Logical Reasoning for CLAT, LSAT, and other Law Entrance Exams by Jain Prateek
Legal ReasoningBooks by AP Bhardwaj such as Legal Aptitude for the CLAT and other Law Entrance Examinations, and Legal Awareness Legal Reasoning
QuantitativeTechniquesData Interpretation by RS Agarwal

After understanding the concepts from the above-mentioned books, students need to focus on revising the syllabus, solving as many CLAT mock tests as possible and practising questions from the previous years to familiarize themselves with the exam pattern, improve the time & speed during the exam and maintain the accuracy of the answers and take feedback from the results to focus on the areas that need more attention to achieve better scores.

Quick Tip: The students when going through different CLAT books and tests, should highlight or mark the questions which were difficult to comprehend. At the time of the revision, the students should pay attention to such highlighted questions to save time at the end moment preparations.

5. Online classes/webinars/coaching

To answer the most asked queries of students "how to prepare for CLAT in class 12", CLAT 2026 aspirants feel free to take guidance from an experienced professional. It will be a better opportunity for learning and comprehending the CLAT syllabus. Such students may join online classes or coaching and even attend webinars, sessions, and seminars. Such courses provide for the study materials, faculty, and a competitive environment for the students to crack the CLAT examination. However, coaching may be required for a student, but more than continuous and self-practice of the concepts is of the utmost importance.

6. Rest well

The students need to prepare and study for their examinations as and when they get the time, but it is also essential for the students to take breaks between study time, take adequate rest to rejuvenate for their preparations and stay motivated constantly.

7. Track your progress

Students often ask one question about how to prepare for CLAT after class 12. Well, the answer is simple. Continuous practice is the key to success for CLAT 2026.

  • Plan your schedule to include weekly mock tests, increase the number of mocks after every attempt, and carefully analyze all the wrong answers after your attempt,
  • Maintain a register of the weekly improvement in your scores.
  • Revise the sections you need to work on and learn from your previous mistakes.
  • Tracking your progress will keep you motivated and show you clearly what areas you need to improve and where to put your focus.

Note - Don’t answer all the questions, remember you will not get marks for attempting all the questions, wrong answers have negative markings. Answer only 85% but answer them accurately

Being consistent, having a goal in mind, constantly testing and reviewing the tests, planning a schedule, and being disciplined is the key to scoring well in CLAT 2026. Good luck with your CLAT preparation!

Also, check - How to Crack CLAT in first attempt

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. When will the CLAT 2026 exams be conducted?

The consortium of NLUs has declared that they will conduct the exams for CLAT 2026 on December 01, 2025.

2. Why is it important to solve previous years question papers?

Previous years question papers will help in bringing more clarity on the topics and will also help in understanding the preparation level.

3. What is the time duration for CLAT 2026 exams?

The total time duration for CLAT 2026 exams is 120 minutes.

4. How to prepare for the math section of CLAT 2026 exams?

Candidates can study the class 10 mathematics book to prepare for the exam.

5. Can I prepare for CLAT after 12th?

Yes, students can prepare for CLAT after 12th by creating a good study, plan, referring to good CLAT 2026 books, and regularly practising and revising the CLAT 2026 syllabus. Lastly, regularly attempt the CLAT mock test and previous years' papers. 

6. How to prepare for CLAT in Class 12?

The most common question asked by candidates is how to prepare for the CLAT in class 12. Given the importance of both, if you are in class 12, you may be considering studying for the CLAT without sacrificing your board test preparation. Hence, through this article, we will provide some advice on how to prepare for CLAT in Class 12. 

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Questions related to CLAT

Have a question related to CLAT ?

Hi,

Based on the previous year analysis.. According to your CLAT PG Rank and category, you don't have any chances to get a seat in any of the National Law University.

You better prepare and appear next year to score better to get admission in the best National Law University.

You can predict the colleges in which you have chances to get a seat using the CLAT PG Law college predictor tool .

Hope this information will help you

Hello,

Here’s what you should do if you’re getting offers related to CLAT (Common Law Admission Test):

  • Verify Authenticity: Check if the offers are from reputable institutions or organizations. Avoid scams or unrecognized sources.
  • Research Programs: Evaluate the courses offered—study material, faculty, and track record of success.
  • Compare Fees: Compare course fees and additional costs; ensure they align with your budget.
  • Ask for Demos: Request demo classes to assess teaching quality.
  • Check Reviews: Look for student testimonials and success stories.
  • Negotiate Offers: If possible, negotiate for discounts or benefits.
  • Consult Experts: Seek advice from mentors or CLAT-qualified individuals.

Hope it helps !

Hello aspirant,

English language, legal reasoning, current affairs, including general knowledge, logical reasoning, and quantitative techniques are the five areas that make up the CLAT 2025 syllabus. One of the most difficult legal entrance exams in the nation, the CLAT is prescribed by the Consortium of NLUs. Together with the CLAT 2025 Notification, the Consortium has made the CLAT 2025 syllabus available.

To know the complete syllabus, you can visit our site through following link:

https://law.careers360.com/articles/clat-syllabus-2025

Thank you

Securing a rank of approximately 4,000 in the CLAT PG 2025 examination may limit your chances of admission into the top National Law Universities (NLUs) for the LLM program. Historically, higher-ranked NLUs have had more stringent cut-off ranks, often requiring candidates to secure ranks well within the top 1,000 to 2,000.For instance, a CLAT PG score of 71+ marks typically corresponds to a rank of 100 or higher, while 35+ marks correspond to a rank of 4,000 or higher.

However, admission possibilities can vary based on several factors, including category reservations, domicile quotas, and the specific admission policies of each NLU. Some NLUs may have higher cut-off ranks for certain reserved categories or may offer seats to candidates with ranks around 4,000, especially in categories like OBC or EWS.

To enhance your chances of admission:

  • Review Category-Specific Cut-offs : Examine the previous years' cut-off ranks for your specific category and preferred NLUs to identify institutions where your rank may be competitive.

  • Consider Lower-Tier NLUs : Explore NLUs that have historically admitted candidates with ranks around 4,000, as they may offer viable opportunities for admission.

  • Stay Updated with Counseling Rounds : Participate actively in all counseling rounds, as seat availability and cut-off ranks can fluctuate, potentially opening opportunities in subsequent rounds.

  • Explore Alternative Institutions : In addition to NLUs, consider other reputable law schools and universities that accept CLAT PG scores and may have more accommodating admission criteria.

For personalized guidance, consider reaching out to academic advisors or utilizing official CLAT counseling resources to make informed decisions regarding your LLM admissions journey.

Choose Lower-Tier NLUs if:

  • You want the NLU brand for long-term career benefits.
  • You’re aiming for judiciary, academia, or government exams, where the NLU tag matters.
  • You are okay with potential challenges like limited infrastructure or weaker placement records.

Choose Nirma University if:

  • You prefer better infrastructure, experienced faculty, and personalized education.
  • You’re leaning toward corporate law, internships, and practical exposure.
  • You’re okay with private university costs and slightly less brand value than NLUs.

Conclusion : If you’re confident about the NLU seat, go for it due to the long-term value. Otherwise, Nirma is a strong alternative with good opportunities.

View All

Read the passage carefully and answer the question

The Contract should be performed by the promisor himself. However, in certain cases, it can also be performed by his agents or legal representatives. It all depends upon the intention of the parties. Normally a contract can be performed by the following persons. 

  1. Promisor himself: If from the nature of the contract it appears that it was the intention of the parties that the promise should be performed by the promisor himself, such promise must be performed by the promisor. This usually applies to contracts involving personal skill, task, or artwork. 
  2. Promisor or his Agent: Where the contract does not involve the personal skill of the promisor, the contract could be performed by the promisor himself or by any competent person employed by him for the purpose, 
  3. Legal Representatives: The contracts which do not involve any personal skill or taste, may be performed by his legal representative after the death of the promisor.
  4. Third Person: In some cases, a contract may be performed by a third person provided the promisee accepts the arrangement. According to Section 41 of the Indian Contract Act, once the promisee accepts the performance from a third person, he cannot compel the promisor to perform the contract again. 
  5. Performance of Joint Promises: According to section 42 of the Indian Contract Act, when two or more persons have made a joint promise, the joint promisors must fulfill the promise jointly during their lifetime. And if any one of them dies, then his legal representatives and survivors must jointly fulfill the promise. 

Section 43 of the Indian Contract Act further provides that unless a contrary intention appears from the contract, each joint promisor may compel every other joint promisor to contribute equally to the performance of the promise. If any joint promisor makes a default in such contribution, the remaining joint promisors must bear the loss arising from such default in equal shares.

Question:

Aman received a box of chocolates from Basant and promised to pay Rupees 5000. Later on, A becomes bankrupt. Chetan who is a friend of Aman pays rupees 1000 to Besant on behalf of Aman. Aman is not aware of such a transaction. In civil court, insolvency proceedings have started against Aman. Meanwhile, Basant has also applied for a recovery of 5000 rupees. Decide.

Option: 1

Basant is entitled to recover the amount of 5000 from Aman.


Option: 2

Basant is entitled to recover the amount of 4000 from Aman.


Option: 3

Chetan is entitled to recover the amount of 1000 from Basant.


Option: 4

Basant cannot recover any amount from Aman as he has become insolvent.


Read the passage carefully and answer the question

The Contract should be performed by the promisor himself. However, in certain cases, it can also be performed by his agents or legal representatives. It all depends upon the intention of the parties. Normally a contract can be performed by the following persons. 

  1. Promisor himself: If from the nature of the contract it appears that it was the intention of the parties that the promise should be performed by the promisor himself, such promise must be performed by the promisor. This usually applies to contracts involving personal skill, task, or artwork. 
  2. Promisor or his Agent: Where the contract does not involve the personal skill of the promisor, the contract could be performed by the promisor himself or by any competent person employed by him for the purpose, 
  3. Legal Representatives: The contracts which do not involve any personal skill or taste, may be performed by his legal representative after the death of the promisor.
  4. Third Person: In some cases, a contract may be performed by a third person provided the promisee accepts the arrangement. According to Section 41 of the Indian Contract Act, once the promisee accepts the performance from a third person, he cannot compel the promisor to perform the contract again. 
  5. Performance of Joint Promises: According to section 42 of the Indian Contract Act, when two or more persons have made a joint promise, the joint promisors must fulfill the promise jointly during their lifetime. And if any one of them dies, then his legal representatives and survivors must jointly fulfill the promise. 

Section 43 of the Indian Contract Act further provides that unless a contrary intention appears from the contract, each joint promisor may compel every other joint promisor to contribute equally to the performance of the promise. If any joint promisor makes a default in such contribution, the remaining joint promisors must bear the loss arising from such default in equal shares.

Question:

K promises to paint a picture for L on a certain day, at a certain price. K dies before the day of the contract. Decide. 

Option: 1

The contract can be enforced by K’s representative 


Option: 2

The contract can be enforced by L


Option: 3

The contract can be enforced either by K’s representation or by L 


Option: 4

The contract cannot be enforced either by K’s representative, or L


Read the passage carefully and answer the question

The Contract should be performed by the promisor himself. However, in certain cases, it can also be performed by his agents or legal representatives. It all depends upon the intention of the parties. Normally a contract can be performed by the following persons. 

  1. Promisor himself: If from the nature of the contract it appears that it was the intention of the parties that the promise should be performed by the promisor himself, such promise must be performed by the promisor. This usually applies to contracts involving personal skill, task, or artwork. 
  2. Promisor or his Agent: Where the contract does not involve the personal skill of the promisor, the contract could be performed by the promisor himself or by any competent person employed by him for the purpose, 
  3. Legal Representatives: The contracts which do not involve any personal skill or taste, may be performed by his legal representative after the death of the promisor.
  4. Third Person: In some cases, a contract may be performed by a third person provided the promisee accepts the arrangement. According to Section 41 of the Indian Contract Act, once the promisee accepts the performance from a third person, he cannot compel the promisor to perform the contract again. 
  5. Performance of Joint Promises: According to section 42 of the Indian Contract Act, when two or more persons have made a joint promise, the joint promisors must fulfill the promise jointly during their lifetime. And if any one of them dies, then his legal representatives and survivors must jointly fulfill the promise. 

Section 43 of the Indian Contract Act further provides that unless a contrary intention appears from the contract, each joint promisor may compel every other joint promisor to contribute equally to the performance of the promise. If any joint promisor makes a default in such contribution, the remaining joint promisors must bear the loss arising from such default in equal shares.

Question:

Rohan has agreed to manage the catering services during the marriage of Sohan’s son Ramu. On the day of marriage, Rohan felt ill and sent his manager to the management of catering services. Ramu happily gets married to Tina and people appreciated the food and decoration of the event. When Rohan asked Sohan for the remaining amount, he denied it because Rohan himself had not managed so it is a breach. Decide.

 

Option: 1

Rohan is not entitled to get the remaining amount due to a breach of contract.


Option: 2

Rohan is entitled to sue Sohan for the remaining amount.


Option: 3

Rohan is entitled to sue Ramu because it was his marriage.


Option: 4

Instead of Rohan, his manager can only sue Sohan for the breach.


Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.

It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.

The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.

Question:

X is a student of a college and his father Y is a professor in the same college. In one instance, X is caught to be involved in unparliamentary activities inside the college campus. The enquiry committee is set up and Y is appointed as the head of the committee. Decide.

Option: 1

Y is a professor of the same college hence he can become a member of the enquiry committee


Option: 2

Y is X’s father hence he should not be a part of the enquiry committee


Option: 3

Y can be a part of the enquiry committee but cannot be its head


Option: 4

There is no rule that prevents the appointment of Y until he fulfils his function diligently


Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.

It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.

The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.

Question:

Mr X is an employee of a corporate office. His wife Y is a judge. In one instance, X is found to be involved in a money laundering case at his office. The office now files a suit and Y is appointed as the judge for this case. Decide.

Option: 1

Y is a judge by herself, hence can be appointed to adjudicate this case


Option: 2

Y is can be appointed as a judge only if she fulfils her responsibilities without any bias


Option: 3

Y can adjudicate the case and if the company finds the penalty to be insufficient then they can appeal against it


Option: 4

Y cannot be the judge in this case ab initio


Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.

It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.

The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.

Question:

X was a renowned cricketer in the 1980s. His son Y is a struggling cricketer who has been trying to get into the national team for many years. In the year 2020, X is appointed as a member of the selection committee. In the match which is supposed to decide the final team of the nation, Y scores a century and Z scores 65 runs. However, Z is selected to represent India and Y is not. Y now appeals against the decision, the main ground being the presence of X in the committee. Decide.

Option: 1

The appeal will stand as Y scored a century yet Z was selected after scoring 65 runs


Option: 2

The appeal will be quashed since X’s presence should have benefitted Y, but it didn’t, hence the rejection of Y is valid


Option: 3

The appeal will stand as X’s presence is a factor of bias


Option: 4

The appeal will be quashed since X was a renowned cricketer


Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.

It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.

The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.

Question:

X is a married judge who is well known for his honesty in the entire city. He has a son Y. One fine day Y gets kidnapped and the kidnapper demands a sum of 20 lakhs from X. However, the kidnapper is caught by the police. X is now appointed as the judge for the hearing of the kidnapper. Decide.

Option: 1

X can be the judge since he can decide the punishment better as he was the sufferer


Option: 2

X cannot be the judge since there is a possibility that he will be biased while delivering the judgement


Option: 3

X can be the judge since he is renowned for his honesty and fulfil his duties


Option: 4

X can be the judge but his statement can be appealed against if delivered with bias


Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.

It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.

The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.

Question:

X and Y have been married for five years. X is a judge and Y is a doctor. X is pretty much unhappy with his married life so he wants to divorce Y. Y refuses to agree to a divorce by mutual consent hence X files a suit against Y. Decide.

Option: 1

X cannot file a suit since he is a judge


Option: 2

X can file a suit against Y in legal capacity but not as a judge


Option: 3

X cannot file a divorce suit against Y since there is no valid ground for divorce


Option: 4

X can proceed with mutual consent but not contested divorce


Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

In the case of M/S Halonex Limited, 59-A Noida vs State of U.P., it was held that “In reply to the aforesaid submission, learned counsel for opposite party no.2 submitted that the case of the applicants that no amount is due from their side to the complainant is a matter of defence which cannot be considered at this stage. It has been submitted that the term 'entrustment' as used in Section 405 IPC has been given a wider interpretation. It has been submitted that the goods returned by the complainant to the Company for replacement or for reimbursement would be deemed to have been entrusted to the Company and as the applicants 2 & 3 were handling its affair they become responsible. To buttress the said submission, the learned counsel for the complainant drew the attention of the Court to a decision of the Apex Court in the case of Ram Narayan Popli Vs. Central Bureau of Investigation: (2003) 3 SCC 641, wherein it was observed that: "the term "entrustment" is not necessarily a term of law. It may have different implications in different contexts. In its most general signification all it imports is the handing over possession for some purpose which may not imply the conferring of any proprietary right at all." Attention was also drawn to an observation made in the judgment of the aforesaid case, where it was observed that: "to establish the charge of criminal breach of trust, the prosecution is not obliged to prove the precise mode of conversion, misappropriation or misapplication by the accused of the property entrusted to him or over which he has dominion. The principal ingredient of the offence being dishonest misappropriation or conversion which may not ordinarily be a matter of direct proof, entrustment of property and failure in breach of an obligation to account for the property entrusted if proved, may, in the light of other circumstances, justifiably lead to an inference of dishonest misappropriation or conversion”.

Question:

X tracks down an expensive necklace on the road. Not knowing to whom it belongs. X sells it promptly to a jeweller without attempting to find the owner or submitting the necklace to the authorities. Decide the liability of X.

Option: 1

Extortion


Option: 2

Criminal breach of trust


Option: 3

Theft


Option: 4

Criminal misappropriation of Property


Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

In the case of M/S Halonex Limited, 59-A Noida vs State of U.P., it was held that “In reply to the aforesaid submission, learned counsel for opposite party no.2 submitted that the case of the applicants that no amount is due from their side to the complainant is a matter of defence which cannot be considered at this stage. It has been submitted that the term 'entrustment' as used in Section 405 IPC has been given a wider interpretation. It has been submitted that the goods returned by the complainant to the Company for replacement or for reimbursement would be deemed to have been entrusted to the Company and as the applicants 2 & 3 were handling its affair they become responsible. To buttress the said submission, the learned counsel for the complainant drew the attention of the Court to a decision of the Apex Court in the case of Ram Narayan Popli Vs. Central Bureau of Investigation: (2003) 3 SCC 641, wherein it was observed that: "the term "entrustment" is not necessarily a term of law. It may have different implications in different contexts. In its most general signification all it imports is the handing over possession for some purpose which may not imply the conferring of any proprietary right at all." Attention was also drawn to an observation made in the judgment of the aforesaid case, where it was observed that: "to establish the charge of criminal breach of trust, the prosecution is not obliged to prove the precise mode of conversion, misappropriation or misapplication by the accused of the property entrusted to him or over which he has dominion. The principal ingredient of the offence being dishonest misappropriation or conversion which may not ordinarily be a matter of direct proof, entrustment of property and failure in breach of an obligation to account for the property entrusted if proved, may, in the light of other circumstances, justifiably lead to an inference of dishonest misappropriation or conversion”.

Question:

P borrows from L his phone for using it to call his parents. However, when L is distracted, P removes the memory card of the phone and later on sells it. Decide the liability of P.

Option: 1

P is guilty under dishonest misappropriation of property

 


Option: 2

P is not guilty for any offence since the phone was given with consent


Option: 3

P is guilty for theft


Option: 4

P has been handed over the phone, so he has the right to use it as he likes


Lawyer

A lawyer is a professional who practises law. An Individual in the lawyer career path defends his or her client's cases and makes arguments on his or her behalf in both criminal and civil proceedings. A lawyer may advise and assist clients on how they should handle their legal issues. An individual as a career in law in India is considered one of the most sought-after careers.

A lawyer's job requires inhibiting skills. It involves practical applications of abstract legal theories and knowledge to solve specialised individual problems or to facilitate the interests of those who hire a lawyer to perform legal services. Here, in this article, we will discuss how to become a lawyer after 10th, is lawyer a good career in India, and how to become a lawyer in India.

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