How to Prepare for CLAT After 12th?

How to Prepare for CLAT After 12th?

Edited By Ritika Jonwal | Updated on May 31, 2025 01:58 PM IST | #CLAT

Are you ready to kickstart your journey towards a career in law? Preparing for the CLAT after the 12th can be your first step towards unlocking a world of opportunities in the legal field. Preparing for success in the tough CLAT 2026 Exam is possible by focusing and using the appropriate Preparation strategy. To help you ace the CLAT 2026 and embark on your dream career, we'll lead you through effective tips and resources in this article. This article can assist students in how to prepare for CLAT after 12th. Discover the best ways to prepare for CLAT here!

This Story also Contains
  1. Understanding the CLAT 2026 Exam: A Brief Overview
  2. How To Prepare For CLAT after 12th: Full Study Plan
  3. How To Prepare For CLAT after 12th: Section-wise Preparation Tips
  4. Recommended Books for the CLAT 2026 Exam
  5. Conclusion
How to Prepare for CLAT After 12th?
How to Prepare for CLAT After 12th?

Understanding the CLAT 2026 Exam: A Brief Overview

Let's first take a quick look at the CLAT 2026 exam before learning how to prepare for CLAT after 12th:

What is CLAT 2026 Exam?

One of the most demanding legal entrance tests in India is the Common Law Admission Test (CLAT), which opens admission to 24 esteemed National Law Universities (NLUs) for undergraduate and graduate legal studies. The exam evaluates a candidate's proficiency in a number of areas necessary for a prosperous legal profession. To do well and gain admission to a prestigious NLU, strategic CLAT preparation is essential.

Sections in CLAT Exam?

The CLAT 2026 usually consists of five sections for the undergraduate level (CLAT UG): Quantitative Techniques, Legal Reasoning, Logical Reasoning, Current Affairs including General Knowledge, and English Language. With an emphasis on thinking ability, legal knowledge, language proficiency, and general awareness, the exam is intended to evaluate a candidate's potential for law studies.

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CLAT 2026 Exam Pattern

The CLAT UG 2026 Exam has a set format and consists of 150 Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs) that must be answered in two hours. Developing a successful study strategy and performing well on the exam requires an understanding of the CLAT 2026 Syllabus and Exam Pattern.

CLAT 2026 Section-wise weightage

There are five sections of the CLAT UG exam, each with a different distribution and weighting of questions. 20% of the overall score is made up of the 22–26 questions in the English language section. There are 28–32 questions in current affairs, including general knowledge, and they are worth 25% of the total. Each of the 28–32 questions in the Legal Reasoning and Logical Reasoning sections adds 25% to the final score. 10-14 questions make up the Quantitative Techniques part, which accounts for 10% of the final score. Prioritising portions during exam preparation is made easier by being aware of these weights.

How To Prepare For CLAT after 12th: Full Study Plan

Preparing for CLAT after completing 12th calls for dedication, strategic planning, and a structured study approach. This thorough study schedule will help you navigate through the preparation process:

Understanding the Exam Pattern and Syllabus

  • Time Frame: 1 week

  • Action: Before diving into preparation, familiarise yourself with the syllabus, sections, and CLAT Exam pattern. Recognise the questions, the marking scheme, and the time constraints. Pay close attention to the following five areas: Quantitative Techniques, Legal Reasoning, Current Affairs, English Language, and Logical Reasoning.

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Create a Realistic Study Schedule

  • Time Frame: Ongoing

  • Action: Create a study plan that balances all subjects. Allocate more time to weaker areas while constantly going over your strong areas. To prevent burnout, schedule breaks and dedicate time for weekly Mock tests and daily revision.

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Mock Test and Previous Year Papers

  • Time Frame: Starting after 2 months of studying and ongoing till the exam.

  • Action: To gain a sense of the real exam, start working through CLAT Sample Papers and the CLAT Mock Test. To increase your speed and accuracy, time yourself while you practise.

  • Tips: After every practice exam, evaluate your performance to pinpoint your areas of weakness. In the upcoming practice session, concentrate on strengthening these areas.

Weekly Revision and Conceptual Clarity

  • Time Frame: Ongoing

  • Action: Set aside one day each week to go over what you have learnt. Make sure your ideas are understandable, particularly when it comes to logical and legal reasoning.

  • Tips: Take brief notes for every area; this will help you review them more closely before the exam.

Stay Updated with Legal News and Landmark judgements

  • Time Frame: Ongoing

  • Action: CLAT needs to read about significant court rulings and legal advancements. Develop the habit of keeping up with legal news and watching debates on current legal issues.

  • Tips: Watch debates or discussions on legal subjects and subscribe to websites such as LiveLaw and Bar & Bench.

Final Month Preparation

  • Time Frame: Last 30 days

  • Action: Take action by concentrating on practice papers, timed mock exams, and review. Go over your weakest areas and focus on increasing your accuracy and quickness.

  • Tips: Avoid tackling new subjects in the past month. Instead, concentrate on increasing your confidence and improving your current expertise.

How To Prepare For CLAT after 12th: Section-wise Preparation Tips

Below are the section-wise preparation tips in tabular format:

Section

Weightage

Action

Study resources

English Language

20% weightage

Focus on grammar, vocabulary, and understanding. To increase reading comprehension and speed, read novels, newspapers, and legal articles.

Wren and Martin for grammar, Daily Newspaper (The Hindu or The Indian Express) for current affairs.

Current Affairs & General Knowledge

25% weightage

Stay updated with legal changes, sports, and national and international news. Practice answering current events questions on a regular basis and review monthly GK compendiums.

Monthly magazines like Manorama Yearbook and online platforms like GKToday.

Legal Reasoning

25% weightage

Focus on comprehending legal concepts and how they are applied. Practice questions about recent court cases and significant rulings.

"Universal’s CLAT Guide", Practice previous year’s questions.

Logical Reasoning

20% weightage

Practice syllogisms, analogies, blood connections, riddles, and seating configurations. Accuracy and quickness are needed in this section.

RS Agarwal’s Logical Reasoning, daily puzzle-solving apps or books.

Quantitative Techniques

10% weightage

Concentrate on fundamental ideas in mathematics, such as rudimentary algebra, data interpretation, and arithmetic. To increase accuracy and speed, practice frequently.

NCERT Class 9-10 Maths, "CLAT Quantitative Aptitude" by R.S. Aggarwal.

Recommended Books for the CLAT 2026 Exam

To prepare for CLAT from class 12, students could refer to these books for effective preparation.

Section-wise

Recommended Books

English

Word Power Made Easy by Norman Lewis, High School English Grammar and Composition Key by Wren & Martin, and General English by SP Bakshi

Current Affairs and General Knowledge

Newspapers, Magazines, Important and Latest Judgments, Manorama Yearbook by Manorama, and Current Affairs Yearly by Arihant.

Logical Reasoning

Verbal and Non-Verbal Reasoning by RS Agarwal, Universal’s Logical Reasoning for CLAT, LSAT, and other Law Entrance Exams by Jain Prateek

Legal Reasoning

Books by AP Bhardwaj such as Legal Aptitude for the CLAT and other Law Entrance Examinations, Legal Awareness Legal Reasoning

QuantitativeTechniques

Data Interpretation by RS Agarwal

Conclusion

Consistent preparation, astute time management, and frequent self-evaluation are the keys to passing the CLAT after 12th grade. Maintain a good balance between your academics and your well-being, stay motivated, and follow your study schedule. The CLAT exam is difficult, but you may succeed if you work hard and strategically.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. When will the CLAT 2026 exams be conducted?

The consortium of NLUs has declared that they will conduct the exams for CLAT 2026 on December 01, 2025.

2. Why is it important to solve previous years question papers?

Previous years question papers will help in bringing more clarity on the topics and will also help in understanding the preparation level.

3. What is the time duration for CLAT 2026 exams?

The total time duration for CLAT 2026 exams is 120 minutes.

4. When should I start studying for CLAT 2026 after 12th?

In order to have enough time to explore every topic in detail, it is best to begin studying as soon as possible, following your 12th-grade examinations or during your last year of education.

5. Can I prepare for CLAT after 12th?

Yes, students can prepare for CLAT after 12th by creating a good study, plan, referring to good CLAT 2026 books, and regularly practising and revising the CLAT 2026 syllabus. Lastly, regularly attempt the CLAT mock test and previous years' papers. 

6. How to prepare for CLAT in Class 12?

The most common question asked by candidates is how to prepare for the CLAT in class 12. Given the importance of both, if you are in class 12, you may be considering studying for the CLAT without sacrificing your board test preparation. Hence, through this article, we will provide some advice on how to prepare for CLAT in Class 12. 

7. Which subject should I focus on for CLAT 2026 after 12th?

According to the CLAT syllabus, concentrate on the English language, current events, including general knowledge, legal reasoning, logical reasoning, and quantitative techniques.

8. How important are current affairs and general knowledge?

General knowledge and current events account for 25% of the CLAT score, making them essential for high scores. It's crucial to regularly read newspapers, publications, and keep up with legal advancements.

9. Can I crack CLAT 2026 without coaching?

Yes, you can pass the CLAT with self-study, the correct materials, commitment, and consistent practice. However, systematic learning and practice exams can be obtained through coaching or online help.

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Questions related to CLAT

Have a question related to CLAT ?

With 30 marks in CLAT 2025, getting admission in NLU Jodhpur is not possible because its cutoff is usually very high. For general category, students need around 90–95 marks or a top rank. Even for SC/ST categories, the required score is much higher than 30. But don’t worry — you can try for other private law colleges that accept low CLAT scores or prepare again for CLAT 2026. With better preparation, you can get into a good law college next time.



For GGSIPU BA LLB through CLAT 2025, the expected cutoff rank for EWS category students from outside Delhi is around 8,500 to 12,000. This means if your CLAT rank is in this range, you may get admission. Cutoffs can change depending on how many students apply and available seats. So, keep checking official updates during counseling to know the exact cutoff and don’t lose hope!



Hello,

No, for admission in Law College Dhanbad , you do not need to give the CLAT exam. The college takes admission based on its own process or merit, not through CLAT.

Hope it helps !

Hello Aspirant,

With an AIR of 11,588 in CLAT 2025 and the OBC (Women) category rank of 2,068, your prospects at the top NLUs are not too bright. However, referring to the previous years' trends, you may have some chances of getting into some of the new/low-ranked NLUs in OBC-Women category. You can consider:

  1. NLU Sonipat (Dr. B.R. Ambedkar NLU)
  2. HNLU Raipur (in later rounds)
  3. DNLU Jabalpur
  4. MNLU Nagpur or Aurangabad
  5. MPDNLU (Bhopal) – depending on category cutoff trends
  6. RSNLU Ranchi or DSNLU Vizag – possible in spot or final rounds

Check this link: CLAT NLU Cut Off 2025

Hello Sushil,

You will be eligible to take the CLAT examination in December 2027.

Since you will be giving your Class 12 board exams in February 2027, you will not be eligible for the CLAT held in December 2026. CLAT requires candidates to either have passed or be appearing in the Class 12 examination in the same academic year of admission.

Important points:

  • CLAT is conducted in December for admission in the next academic year.

  • You must have completed or be appearing in Class 12 by the year of admission.

  • Since your Class 12 boards are in 2027, your valid CLAT attempt will be in December 2027.

You should prepare accordingly for the CLAT 2027 attempt.


I hope this answer helps you. If you have more queries, feel free to share your questions with us, and we will be happy to assist you.

Thank you, and I wish you all the best in your bright future.

View All

Read the passage carefully and answer the question

The Contract should be performed by the promisor himself. However, in certain cases, it can also be performed by his agents or legal representatives. It all depends upon the intention of the parties. Normally a contract can be performed by the following persons. 

  1. Promisor himself: If from the nature of the contract it appears that it was the intention of the parties that the promise should be performed by the promisor himself, such promise must be performed by the promisor. This usually applies to contracts involving personal skill, task, or artwork. 
  2. Promisor or his Agent: Where the contract does not involve the personal skill of the promisor, the contract could be performed by the promisor himself or by any competent person employed by him for the purpose, 
  3. Legal Representatives: The contracts which do not involve any personal skill or taste, may be performed by his legal representative after the death of the promisor.
  4. Third Person: In some cases, a contract may be performed by a third person provided the promisee accepts the arrangement. According to Section 41 of the Indian Contract Act, once the promisee accepts the performance from a third person, he cannot compel the promisor to perform the contract again. 
  5. Performance of Joint Promises: According to section 42 of the Indian Contract Act, when two or more persons have made a joint promise, the joint promisors must fulfill the promise jointly during their lifetime. And if any one of them dies, then his legal representatives and survivors must jointly fulfill the promise. 

Section 43 of the Indian Contract Act further provides that unless a contrary intention appears from the contract, each joint promisor may compel every other joint promisor to contribute equally to the performance of the promise. If any joint promisor makes a default in such contribution, the remaining joint promisors must bear the loss arising from such default in equal shares.

Question:

Aman received a box of chocolates from Basant and promised to pay Rupees 5000. Later on, A becomes bankrupt. Chetan who is a friend of Aman pays rupees 1000 to Besant on behalf of Aman. Aman is not aware of such a transaction. In civil court, insolvency proceedings have started against Aman. Meanwhile, Basant has also applied for a recovery of 5000 rupees. Decide.

Option: 1

Basant is entitled to recover the amount of 5000 from Aman.


Option: 2

Basant is entitled to recover the amount of 4000 from Aman.


Option: 3

Chetan is entitled to recover the amount of 1000 from Basant.


Option: 4

Basant cannot recover any amount from Aman as he has become insolvent.


Read the passage carefully and answer the question

The Contract should be performed by the promisor himself. However, in certain cases, it can also be performed by his agents or legal representatives. It all depends upon the intention of the parties. Normally a contract can be performed by the following persons. 

  1. Promisor himself: If from the nature of the contract it appears that it was the intention of the parties that the promise should be performed by the promisor himself, such promise must be performed by the promisor. This usually applies to contracts involving personal skill, task, or artwork. 
  2. Promisor or his Agent: Where the contract does not involve the personal skill of the promisor, the contract could be performed by the promisor himself or by any competent person employed by him for the purpose, 
  3. Legal Representatives: The contracts which do not involve any personal skill or taste, may be performed by his legal representative after the death of the promisor.
  4. Third Person: In some cases, a contract may be performed by a third person provided the promisee accepts the arrangement. According to Section 41 of the Indian Contract Act, once the promisee accepts the performance from a third person, he cannot compel the promisor to perform the contract again. 
  5. Performance of Joint Promises: According to section 42 of the Indian Contract Act, when two or more persons have made a joint promise, the joint promisors must fulfill the promise jointly during their lifetime. And if any one of them dies, then his legal representatives and survivors must jointly fulfill the promise. 

Section 43 of the Indian Contract Act further provides that unless a contrary intention appears from the contract, each joint promisor may compel every other joint promisor to contribute equally to the performance of the promise. If any joint promisor makes a default in such contribution, the remaining joint promisors must bear the loss arising from such default in equal shares.

Question:

K promises to paint a picture for L on a certain day, at a certain price. K dies before the day of the contract. Decide. 

Option: 1

The contract can be enforced by K’s representative 


Option: 2

The contract can be enforced by L


Option: 3

The contract can be enforced either by K’s representation or by L 


Option: 4

The contract cannot be enforced either by K’s representative, or L


Read the passage carefully and answer the question

The Contract should be performed by the promisor himself. However, in certain cases, it can also be performed by his agents or legal representatives. It all depends upon the intention of the parties. Normally a contract can be performed by the following persons. 

  1. Promisor himself: If from the nature of the contract it appears that it was the intention of the parties that the promise should be performed by the promisor himself, such promise must be performed by the promisor. This usually applies to contracts involving personal skill, task, or artwork. 
  2. Promisor or his Agent: Where the contract does not involve the personal skill of the promisor, the contract could be performed by the promisor himself or by any competent person employed by him for the purpose, 
  3. Legal Representatives: The contracts which do not involve any personal skill or taste, may be performed by his legal representative after the death of the promisor.
  4. Third Person: In some cases, a contract may be performed by a third person provided the promisee accepts the arrangement. According to Section 41 of the Indian Contract Act, once the promisee accepts the performance from a third person, he cannot compel the promisor to perform the contract again. 
  5. Performance of Joint Promises: According to section 42 of the Indian Contract Act, when two or more persons have made a joint promise, the joint promisors must fulfill the promise jointly during their lifetime. And if any one of them dies, then his legal representatives and survivors must jointly fulfill the promise. 

Section 43 of the Indian Contract Act further provides that unless a contrary intention appears from the contract, each joint promisor may compel every other joint promisor to contribute equally to the performance of the promise. If any joint promisor makes a default in such contribution, the remaining joint promisors must bear the loss arising from such default in equal shares.

Question:

Rohan has agreed to manage the catering services during the marriage of Sohan’s son Ramu. On the day of marriage, Rohan felt ill and sent his manager to the management of catering services. Ramu happily gets married to Tina and people appreciated the food and decoration of the event. When Rohan asked Sohan for the remaining amount, he denied it because Rohan himself had not managed so it is a breach. Decide.

 

Option: 1

Rohan is not entitled to get the remaining amount due to a breach of contract.


Option: 2

Rohan is entitled to sue Sohan for the remaining amount.


Option: 3

Rohan is entitled to sue Ramu because it was his marriage.


Option: 4

Instead of Rohan, his manager can only sue Sohan for the breach.


Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.

It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.

The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.

Question:

X is a student of a college and his father Y is a professor in the same college. In one instance, X is caught to be involved in unparliamentary activities inside the college campus. The enquiry committee is set up and Y is appointed as the head of the committee. Decide.

Option: 1

Y is a professor of the same college hence he can become a member of the enquiry committee


Option: 2

Y is X’s father hence he should not be a part of the enquiry committee


Option: 3

Y can be a part of the enquiry committee but cannot be its head


Option: 4

There is no rule that prevents the appointment of Y until he fulfils his function diligently


Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.

It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.

The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.

Question:

Mr X is an employee of a corporate office. His wife Y is a judge. In one instance, X is found to be involved in a money laundering case at his office. The office now files a suit and Y is appointed as the judge for this case. Decide.

Option: 1

Y is a judge by herself, hence can be appointed to adjudicate this case


Option: 2

Y is can be appointed as a judge only if she fulfils her responsibilities without any bias


Option: 3

Y can adjudicate the case and if the company finds the penalty to be insufficient then they can appeal against it


Option: 4

Y cannot be the judge in this case ab initio


Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.

It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.

The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.

Question:

X was a renowned cricketer in the 1980s. His son Y is a struggling cricketer who has been trying to get into the national team for many years. In the year 2020, X is appointed as a member of the selection committee. In the match which is supposed to decide the final team of the nation, Y scores a century and Z scores 65 runs. However, Z is selected to represent India and Y is not. Y now appeals against the decision, the main ground being the presence of X in the committee. Decide.

Option: 1

The appeal will stand as Y scored a century yet Z was selected after scoring 65 runs


Option: 2

The appeal will be quashed since X’s presence should have benefitted Y, but it didn’t, hence the rejection of Y is valid


Option: 3

The appeal will stand as X’s presence is a factor of bias


Option: 4

The appeal will be quashed since X was a renowned cricketer


Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.

It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.

The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.

Question:

X is a married judge who is well known for his honesty in the entire city. He has a son Y. One fine day Y gets kidnapped and the kidnapper demands a sum of 20 lakhs from X. However, the kidnapper is caught by the police. X is now appointed as the judge for the hearing of the kidnapper. Decide.

Option: 1

X can be the judge since he can decide the punishment better as he was the sufferer


Option: 2

X cannot be the judge since there is a possibility that he will be biased while delivering the judgement


Option: 3

X can be the judge since he is renowned for his honesty and fulfil his duties


Option: 4

X can be the judge but his statement can be appealed against if delivered with bias


Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.

It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.

The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.

Question:

X and Y have been married for five years. X is a judge and Y is a doctor. X is pretty much unhappy with his married life so he wants to divorce Y. Y refuses to agree to a divorce by mutual consent hence X files a suit against Y. Decide.

Option: 1

X cannot file a suit since he is a judge


Option: 2

X can file a suit against Y in legal capacity but not as a judge


Option: 3

X cannot file a divorce suit against Y since there is no valid ground for divorce


Option: 4

X can proceed with mutual consent but not contested divorce


Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

In the case of M/S Halonex Limited, 59-A Noida vs State of U.P., it was held that “In reply to the aforesaid submission, learned counsel for opposite party no.2 submitted that the case of the applicants that no amount is due from their side to the complainant is a matter of defence which cannot be considered at this stage. It has been submitted that the term 'entrustment' as used in Section 405 IPC has been given a wider interpretation. It has been submitted that the goods returned by the complainant to the Company for replacement or for reimbursement would be deemed to have been entrusted to the Company and as the applicants 2 & 3 were handling its affair they become responsible. To buttress the said submission, the learned counsel for the complainant drew the attention of the Court to a decision of the Apex Court in the case of Ram Narayan Popli Vs. Central Bureau of Investigation: (2003) 3 SCC 641, wherein it was observed that: "the term "entrustment" is not necessarily a term of law. It may have different implications in different contexts. In its most general signification all it imports is the handing over possession for some purpose which may not imply the conferring of any proprietary right at all." Attention was also drawn to an observation made in the judgment of the aforesaid case, where it was observed that: "to establish the charge of criminal breach of trust, the prosecution is not obliged to prove the precise mode of conversion, misappropriation or misapplication by the accused of the property entrusted to him or over which he has dominion. The principal ingredient of the offence being dishonest misappropriation or conversion which may not ordinarily be a matter of direct proof, entrustment of property and failure in breach of an obligation to account for the property entrusted if proved, may, in the light of other circumstances, justifiably lead to an inference of dishonest misappropriation or conversion”.

Question:

X tracks down an expensive necklace on the road. Not knowing to whom it belongs. X sells it promptly to a jeweller without attempting to find the owner or submitting the necklace to the authorities. Decide the liability of X.

Option: 1

Extortion


Option: 2

Criminal breach of trust


Option: 3

Theft


Option: 4

Criminal misappropriation of Property


Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

In the case of M/S Halonex Limited, 59-A Noida vs State of U.P., it was held that “In reply to the aforesaid submission, learned counsel for opposite party no.2 submitted that the case of the applicants that no amount is due from their side to the complainant is a matter of defence which cannot be considered at this stage. It has been submitted that the term 'entrustment' as used in Section 405 IPC has been given a wider interpretation. It has been submitted that the goods returned by the complainant to the Company for replacement or for reimbursement would be deemed to have been entrusted to the Company and as the applicants 2 & 3 were handling its affair they become responsible. To buttress the said submission, the learned counsel for the complainant drew the attention of the Court to a decision of the Apex Court in the case of Ram Narayan Popli Vs. Central Bureau of Investigation: (2003) 3 SCC 641, wherein it was observed that: "the term "entrustment" is not necessarily a term of law. It may have different implications in different contexts. In its most general signification all it imports is the handing over possession for some purpose which may not imply the conferring of any proprietary right at all." Attention was also drawn to an observation made in the judgment of the aforesaid case, where it was observed that: "to establish the charge of criminal breach of trust, the prosecution is not obliged to prove the precise mode of conversion, misappropriation or misapplication by the accused of the property entrusted to him or over which he has dominion. The principal ingredient of the offence being dishonest misappropriation or conversion which may not ordinarily be a matter of direct proof, entrustment of property and failure in breach of an obligation to account for the property entrusted if proved, may, in the light of other circumstances, justifiably lead to an inference of dishonest misappropriation or conversion”.

Question:

P borrows from L his phone for using it to call his parents. However, when L is distracted, P removes the memory card of the phone and later on sells it. Decide the liability of P.

Option: 1

P is guilty under dishonest misappropriation of property

 


Option: 2

P is not guilty for any offence since the phone was given with consent


Option: 3

P is guilty for theft


Option: 4

P has been handed over the phone, so he has the right to use it as he likes


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