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How to Prepare for CLAT 2025 Exam: Preparation Tips & Tricks, Study Plan, Books

How to Prepare for CLAT 2025 Exam: Preparation Tips & Tricks, Study Plan, Books

Edited By Ritika Jonwal | Updated on Nov 04, 2024 06:20 PM IST | #CLAT

Are you preparing for the CLAT 2025? If so, you probably have a lot of questions, such as how to study for the CLAT exam more effectively. How can one get ready for the CLAT? How soon should I start getting ready for the CLAT? How can I get ready for the CLAT at home?

Students, don't worry. We will address all of your inquiries on how to be ready for the CLAT exam in this article. With the help of this article, you can prepare for the CLAT 2025 exam with confidence and success. The path to success in this fiercely competitive exam is astute preparation, laser-like focus, and an unyielding will to succeed. The preparation process equips you with useful skills such as critical thinking, analytical reasoning, effective communication, and research expertise. These are highly sought-after skills in the legal industry, so you can utilize them to your advantage in any field you choose.

Before delving deeper into each subject of CLAT preparation, let's first become acquainted with the syllabus and the format of the CLAT 2025 exam. The following lists the questions together with their corresponding subject-wise weights according to the official notification.

Understanding the CLAT 2025 Exam Pattern

Before beginning with how to study for CLAT 2025, let us first get familiarized with the CLAT 2025 exam pattern and the weightage allotted to each of the sections.

Particulars

Details

Maximum Marks

120

CLAT 2025 exam duration

120 minutes

Number of sections

5

Sections name

English Language, Current Affairs including General Knowledge, Legal Reasoning, Logical Reasoning, Quantitative Techniques

Number of questions

120

Marking scheme

1 mark for each correct answer

0.25 negative marking for each incorrect response

CLAT 2025 Subject-wise weightage and questions distribution

Subject Areas with weightage:

No of QuestionsWeightage (%)

English Language

22 − 26

20 %

Current Affairs, including General Knowledge

28 − 32

25 %

Legal Reasoning

28 − 32

25 %

Logical Reasoning

22 − 26

20 %

Quantitative Techniques

10 − 14

10 %

Key Topics for CLAT 2025: What to Focus On

The CLAT test does not require any prior legal knowledge. It's simply a generic aptitude exam that measures how effectively your critical and analytical abilities function. It aims to see if you're a good fit for the problem-solving demands of a high-level legal job.

Sections

Important Topics

English Language

Comprehension passages, Grammar, word meanings, incorrect/correct sentences

Current Affairs, including General Knowledge

Static general knowledge, including history, politics, geography, and the environment. Current affairs- national of national and international importance, sports, new appointments, awards, honors, etc

Legal Reasoning

Study of law, Research aptitude, Problem-solving ability, Questions based on hypothetical situations, and Important court decisions

Logical Reasoning

Logical and Analytical reasoning skills

Quantitative Techniques

Algebra, profit and loss, time and work, average, speed and distance, permutation-combination and Venn diagrams, statistical estimation, Mensuration

Check-in details - CLAT Important Topics

Know How To Prepare For CLAT 2025?

Since the CLAT 2025 exam is a few months away, students can refer to the following points for more effective preparation.

  1. The Early Bird Catches the Worm: Your best ally in the fight to ace CLAT 2025 is time. An early start to your CLAT 2025 preparation can have a big impact on how well you perform. Starting at least ten to twelve months ahead of the test gives you the luxury of a consistent and comfortable learning curve. This method is very helpful for people who might want more time to fully review the vast syllabus or understand complex subjects.

  2. Understand the CLAT 2025 Syllabus and Exam Pattern: Take the time to fully comprehend the CLAT 2025 syllabus and test pattern before starting your CLAT adventure. English Language, Legal Reasoning, Logical Reasoning, Quantitative Aptitude, and General Knowledge/Current Affairs are the five sections that make up the exam in general. Understanding the relative importance of each subject will help you plan your study sessions and rank the topics in order of importance as you prepare for the CLAT exam.

  1. Create a Study Plan: As Benjamin Franklin famously said, "By failing to prepare, you are preparing to fail." This saying applies to studying for the CLAT exam. Create a well-organized study schedule that ensures you cover every topic equally during the exam. Divide the extensive syllabus into more digestible sections, and provide enough time for each. A balanced study schedule should include taking CLAT mock tests, reviewing material, and learning new topics. For information on how to effectively manage your time and study, please refer to the CLAT Time Management article.

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  1. Seek Quality Study Material: Choosing the appropriate study materials is crucial for students who are considering how to ace the CLAT exam. Choose trustworthy and current materials designed especially for CLAT practice. Consider spending money on online resources, practice exams, and guides tailored specifically for the CLAT in addition to the regular CLAT textbooks. To keep ahead of the competition, make sure the study materials are in line with the most recent curriculum and pattern.

  2. Mock Tests and Previous Year Papers: When it comes to CLAT preparation, there is no substitute for practice. Regularly take CLAT mock tests and solve previous year's question papers to familiarize yourself with the exam's format and gain insights into the type of questions asked. Mock tests not only assess your progress but also help improve your time management skills, accuracy and confidence in facing the actual exam.

  3. Strengthen Your General Knowledge: If used strategically, the General Knowledge/Current Affairs portion can really impact things. Read magazines, reliable web portals, and newspapers to stay informed about current affairs. To ensure you remember the information well, take notes on significant news and edit them periodically. Engaging in conversations and quizzes can also help you prepare for GK even further. Refer to the article CLAT Current Affairs Preparation 2025 for more strategy and preparation tips.

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  1. Legal Aptitude and Reasoning: Two essential CLAT sections are Legal Reasoning and Logical Reasoning. Investigate important rulings, legal precepts, and legal maxims to become an expert in legal reasoning. To improve your analytical abilities, practice answering legal reasoning questions and working on understanding legal passages. To enhance your critical thinking skills and logical reasoning, solve puzzles, brainteasers, and analytical tasks regularly. Refer to the article How to Prepare Legal Reasoning For CLAT for more strategy and preparation tips.

  2. English Language and Comprehension: Proficiency in the English language is essential for achieving success in the CLAT. To increase your vocabulary and reading comprehension, read a lot of fiction and non-fiction. To improve your comprehension and reading speed, practice comprehension exercises. Correct errors in language-related questions by practising your grammar and vocabulary. Refer to the article How to Prepare for CLAT English Language for more strategy and preparation tips.

  3. Quantitative Aptitude: Even though it can be difficult for some people, with constant work, one can overcome quantitative aptitude. Prioritize your comprehension of fundamental mathematical ideas and their applications. To increase the accuracy and speed of your calculations, practice frequently. To build confidence in this area, practice solving mathematical questions about this section. Refer to the article How to Prepare for Maths in CLAT for more strategy and preparation tips.

  4. Time Management and Stress Handling: As the exam day draws near, master the art of time management and preparation for CLAT exams. Learn to allocate time judiciously to each section and practice answering questions within the stipulated time. Moreover, focus on developing stress-handling techniques to keep anxiety at bay during the exam. Techniques like meditation, yoga, or exercise can help you stay calm and focused.

You may also check:

When to Start Preparing for CLAT 2025

With respect to CLAT preparation, one should start early for his benefit. Ideally, the aspirants must start their preparation at least 12-15 months prior to the exam. Thus, if you are targeting CLAT 2025, then you must begin your preparation by early 2024. It will provide you ample time to go through the huge syllabus, grasp complicated legal concepts, and build good reading habits. Above all, it gives enough time for multiple revisions and mock tests. It gets really difficult for Class 12 students to balance the preparation of board exams and CLAT. So, starting early distributes the workload evenly. However, even if you are beginning late, don't lose hope – focused preparation and proper study planning can get you some good results. The thing is to make the best use of the time that you have available, focusing on high-yield topics, and practicing with previous years' papers.

How to Study for CLAT 2025 - Section-wise Preparation Tips

English Language, Legal Reasoning, Logical Reasoning, Quantitative Aptitude, and General Knowledge including Current Affairs make up the five sections of the CLAT exam. Let's delve into each section, providing detailed explanations and essential tips to help you excel in CLAT 2025:

How to prepare for CLAT Exam - English Language Section

The CLAT English Language section evaluates your proficiency in English grammar, vocabulary, and comprehension skills. It tests your ability to understand passages and answer questions based on them.

Quick Tips

  • Improve Vocabulary: Read a lot and develop the regular practice of picking up new words. To help you remember word meanings, synonyms, and antonyms, use vocabulary apps or flashcards.

  • Brush up on Grammar: Revise the fundamentals of sentence construction, tenses, parts of speech, subject-verb agreement and foundational grammar rules.

  • Practice Comprehension: To improve your reading comprehension skills and speed, try reading comprehension exercises on a regular basis.

  • Focus on Cloze Tests: Cloze tests assess how well you comprehend the context. Practice filling in the blanks with the right words in these activities.

  • Solve Previous Year Papers: Analyse past year's English Language sections to understand the question patterns and types of questions asked.

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How to Attempt Questions for the English Language for CLAT 2025

  • In general, the CLAT's English section is easy to moderately challenging. As a result, reading the lengthy texts quickly is more important than the difficulty of the questions.

  • Do not attempt to complete the English portion of the paper first. Owing to its length, it is best to work on it near the end of the exam or after finishing two other parts. By using this method, you may make sure that you devote enough time and attention to the areas that may call for simpler, faster answers, saving the longer English comprehension questions for later.

  • Furthermore, not every detail in the passage is necessary to answer the questions. As a result, read the questions first, and then attempt to locate the answers in the passage during the initial reading.

  • Make sure to read the questions first, even if you don't have time to read the complete English passage. This allows you to tackle vocabulary and fill-in-the-blank questions immediately, as they frequently don't necessitate a thorough comprehension of the chapter..

How to prepare for CLAT Exam - Legal Reasoning Section

CLAT Legal Reasoning assesses your ability to analyze legal principles, identify the relationship between laws, and apply them to specific scenarios.

Quick Tips

  • Understand Legal Concepts: To lay a solid basis, familiarize yourself with basic legal concepts, important legal precepts, and significant court rulings.

  • Practice Legal Reasoning Questions: To improve your abilities, work through a variety of legal reasoning problems from past years' papers and practice guides.

  • Analyze Case Scenarios: Learn about different types of legal cases and practice using the applicable laws to make sense of them.

  • Keep Updated: Keep up on recent legal changes and modifications to improve your comprehension of current legal concerns.

How to Attempt Questions for Legal Reasoning CLAT 2025

  • For legal reasoning, attentively read the material and make an effort to comprehend the legal concepts that are stated. You can answer nearly all of the questions based on that passage by using this technique.

  • Determine whether the question is grounded in fact as you answer it, and don't make any assumptions when defending your response. When in doubt, always go with the alternative that best balances the law and the facts, and then give the right response.

  • Never forget to keep your attention on the legal ideas. Before responding, state your legal theories and any presumptions you may have.

How to prepare for CLAT Exam - Logical Reasoning Section

CLAT Logical Reasoning evaluates your ability to analyse patterns, arguments, and logical deductions. This section examines your critical thinking and problem-solving skills.

Quick Tips

  • Master Logical Puzzles: To strengthen your analytical reasoning, practice solving puzzles, seating plans, and logical sequences.

  • Identify Argument Structure: Recognize premises, assumptions, and conclusions in passages and comprehend the arguments' structure.

  • Strengthen Logical Arguments: To develop your reasoning skills, practice making arguments stronger and weaker.

  • Apply Deductive Reasoning: To improve your deductive reasoning abilities, practice answering problems that contain syllogisms and conditional statements.

How to Attempt Questions for Logical Reasoning CLAT 2025

  • If done correctly, logical reasoning is the most beneficial component. With just 30 questions, a student can easily receive more than 25 marks.

  • Critical reasoning, or passage-based questions, now make up the majority of the logical reasoning section's questions. This section mostly evaluates your ability to construct coherent arguments and reach conclusions. Focusing on and practising questions related to "Statement and Assumption," "Statement and Conclusion," "Statement and Arguments," "Cause and Effect," and other similar topics is crucial.

  • Now, focus especially on the terms "not," "true," and "false" in the questions. Recognize what the question has asked before responding.

How to prepare for CLAT Exam - Quantitative Aptitude Section

CLAT Quantitative Aptitude evaluates your mathematical skills and your ability to solve numerical problems.

Quick Tips

  • Review Mathematical Basics: Review the fundamentals of mathematics by reviewing arithmetic, algebra, geometry, and trigonometry.

  • Practice Regularly: To improve your accuracy and speed of problem-solving, work through a variety of quantitative aptitude challenges spanning several subjects.

  • Memorize Important Formulas: To help you remember formulas throughout the exam, make a formula sheet and update it frequently.

  • Use Shortcuts: Acquire shortcut techniques for calculations to help you save time on the test.

How to Attempt Questions for Quantitative Techniques CLAT 2025

  • With a weighting of 10 to 14 questions in the CLAT, the Quantitative Techniques portion will comprise graphs, various verbal, visual, or diagrammatic representations of numerical data, as well as certainty or propositions. Following each topic are four to five numerical questions from Quantitative Techniques. There will undoubtedly be percentage questions in the publication.

  • Never contemplate your weakness when leaving this part. This part, which is for scoring, occasionally has very easy questions. It is also simpler to attain high accuracy because there is only one right response in this case.

  • Gain the ability to recognize which of the Quantitative Techniques section's questions are appropriate to skip. Not every question is worth the time you spend on it. By identifying the more difficult or time-consuming questions, you may concentrate on answering them quickly and effectively, which will increase your score overall.

How to prepare for CLAT Exam - General Knowledge/Current Affairs Section

General Knowledge/Current Affairs assesses your awareness of current events and general knowledge.

Quick Tips

  • Stay Updated: To stay up to date on current events, read newspapers, periodicals, and trustworthy websites on a regular basis.

  • Make Notes: To enable speedy revision, jot down brief notes on significant occasions, dates, and information.

  • Take Quizzes: Take part in online examinations and quizzes to gauge your recall and understanding of current events.

  • Focus on Legal and Constitutional Matters: Legal and constitutional issues should get particular attention because CLAT depends on them.

How to Attempt Questions for Current Affairs including GK for CLAT 2025

  • In general, passages are not significant for the General Knowledge part. You can answer the general knowledge questions without referring to the passage if you regularly read newspapers.

  • It is best to read the chapter if you are unfamiliar with the complete subject matter it covers, as it may contain the answers. It took place in CLAT 2024.

  • The rank provider is the Current Affairs section. you avoid losing marks in this situation, make sure you attend it in the first or second sequence.

CLAT Month-wise Preparation Tips to Crack the Exam

Access CLAT Question Papers: Free PDFs for Practice

Given below is the download of CLAT Previous Years Question Papers and CLAT Free Mock Test for better preparation.

CLAT Mock Tests: Free PDFs to Test Your Skills

Prepare for CLAT without Coaching?

Yes, without coaching, students can prepare for the CLAT. The first step in preparation is to familiarize yourself with the CLAT syllabus and format. Collect enough study materials for the CLAT and suggested readings. Give CLAT mock exams on a regular basis and complete CLAT sample papers. Keep up with current events, participate in study groups and online forums for debate and doubt-solving. To guarantee a comprehensive preparation, time management and regular revision are essential.

Conclusion

The journey of preparing for CLAT 2025 requires commitment, self-control, and tenacity. The cornerstones of success are early start times, comprehension of the curriculum, well-organized study schedules, and frequent practice. Adopt a growth mentality, take lessons from your errors, consult the best books for CLAT 2025, and maintain your motivation while you prepare. By adopting the appropriate strategy and remaining resolute, you can pass CLAT 2025 and start a successful legal profession. Recall that you possess the necessary skills for success, and this book has given you the resources to achieve it. I wish you luck as you pursue your goal of being a legal luminary!

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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. Can I prepare for the CLAT in one month?

With proper direction and planning, it is feasible to prepare for the CLAT in one month.

2. What will be the difficulty level of CLAT 2025?

According to the previous year's paper analysis, the CLAT 2025 exam is expected to be moderate to difficult level. 

3. How much time prior to the examination one should start preparing for the CLAT 2025 exam?

 One should start preparing 9 to 12 months in advance for CLATexam. 

4. What are the common mistakes to avoid during CLAT preparation?

 Common mistakes that can be avoided during CLAT 2025 preparation can be inconsistent study schedules, not solving previous years or sample papers, not regularly attempting the mock tests and not analysing your weaknesses and strengths.

5. Which section needs to focussed more in CLAT 2025?

 Though all the sections are equally important since each contains similar weightage in the CLAT exam.However, students can focus more on that particular section which seems weak or least comfortable to them. 

6. How many hours should i study for CLAT 2025?

 One should study for 3-4 hours everyday for atleast a year for CLAT 2025.

7. When Should I Start My Preparation for CLAT 2025?

Ideally, one should start preparing for CLAT 2025 at least a year in advance which ideally should have started at the beginning of the year 2024. However, it's never too late, you can start the preparation now as well since the exam is around the corner. However, if a student starts it preparation early timeline allows ample opportunity to thoroughly cover the syllabus, focus on weaker areas, and enhance your problem-solving speed and accuracy. Starting early also provides enough time to take numerous mock tests and analyze your performance, which is crucial for improving

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Questions related to CLAT

Have a question related to CLAT ?

Hello,

1. Check Confirmation Email and Receipt

After submitting your form and payment, confirm you received an email with your application ID and receipt. Also, check spam or junk folders.

2. Log in to CLAT Account

On the official CLAT website, log in and review your application. Look for confirmation of payment status—“Completed” or “Successful” indicates a likely acceptance.

3. Verify Application Status on Dashboard

The dashboard should show your application status. Look for terms like "Successfully Submitted" to confirm everything went through.

4. Review Form Details

Double-check that all form sections are filled correctly, and verify all uploaded documents. Errors here can cause rejection.

5. Contact CLAT Helpdesk

If your form status is unclear, reach out to CLAT’s official helpline for confirmation.

6. Watch for Correction Windows

Stay updated on the CLAT website or email for any form correction windows if needed.

Following these steps should help confirm your form’s acceptance.

Hope it helps !

Nlsiu Banglore is one of the most prestigious and highly ranked college, that make is difficult to secure a seat for many students. To get in to nlsiu in 2025, you must score 95+ marks  to have assurance of seat for general category. For other categories, the score is between 85-90 based on previous trends.

About 25% seats of Nlsiu Banglore are reserved for Karnataka Residents. So ,it makes more competition for other state students to get into ,as one - fourth seats are already reserved.

To get into nlsiu Banglore ,you really need to work very hard, as thousands of students sit for exam, and only few of them are selected, about 50-60 students form general category.

Go through the previous year question papers.

Make a proper time table and strictly follow and

Give as many mock tests before exam as you can give to assure good score in clat 2025.

All the best!


According to previous year trends If you are aiming nmims law Hyderabad you should score between 95–100 for the general category in CLAT 2025 .and between 80–85 for the SC/ST and OBC categories.also,nmims accepts LSAT score too for admission in law college.cutoff always depends on various factors and likely to change so try to score as much as you can.

Moreover,same score is also accepted in admission to top NLUs, candidates should score above 90 to get in nlu Hyderabad and A score of around 80–90 is considered decent and you may get admission to lower-ranked NLUs.

Hello,

Since you’ve cracked CLAT UG and are moving to another law college, you need to submit the **Transfer Certificate (TC)** from your current institution, BHU. The TC from your school (class 12) is no longer required as you are already enrolled in another higher education institution. Ensure you get the TC from BHU, as it is a crucial document for the transfer and admission process at your new college.

Hy,

  1. For CLAT (Common Law Admission Test) : No, it is not mandatory to have mathematics in Class 12 to apply for CLAT. CLAT is the entrance exam for undergraduate law programs (BA LLB, BBA LLB, etc.) in National Law Universities (NLUs) across India. The eligibility criteria for CLAT UG simply require you to have passed Class 12 with at least 45% marks (40% for reserved categories). The test itself includes a section on quantitative techniques, but it covers basic mathematics (up to Class 10 level), so you don't need to have studied math in Class 12.

  2. For Law Programs via CUET (Common University Entrance Test) : Similar to CLAT, maths is not mandatory for applying to law programs through CUET. CUET offers access to various central universities and other participating institutions for undergraduate courses, including law. The eligibility typically revolves around having passed Class 12 with a minimum percentage as set by the individual university or program. However, different universities may have slightly varied requirements, so it's advisable to check the specific eligibility criteria of the law program you’re interested in. Most of them, however, do not mandate mathematics as a subject in 12th.

In conclusion, while basic math skills are tested in the CLAT, math is not a required subject in Class 12 for either CLAT or most CUET-based law programs.

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Passage 1
Read the passage below and answer the following question.
Cheating is considered a criminal offence under the Indian Penal Code. It is done to gain profit or advantage from another person by using some deceitful means. The person who deceives another knows for the fact that it would place the other person in an unfair situation. Cheating as an offence can be made punishable under Section 420 of the IPC. Scope of Section 415 Cheating is defined under Section 415 of the Indian Penal Code as whoever fraudulently or dishonestly deceives a person to induce that person to deliver a property to any person or to consent to retain any property. If a person intentionally induces a person to do or omit to do any act which he would not have done if he was not deceived to do so and the act has caused harm to that person in body, mind, reputation, or property, then the person who fraudulently, dishonestly or intentionally induced the other person is said to cheat. Any dishonest concealment of facts that can deceive a person to do an act that he would not have done otherwise is also cheating within the meaning of this section. Essential Ingredients of Cheating requires · deception of any person. Fraudulently or dishonestly inducing that person to deliver any property to any person or to consent that any person shall retain any property; or · intentionally inducing a person to do or omit to do anything which he would not do or omit if he were not so deceived, and the act or omission causes or is likely to cause damage or harm to that person in body, mind, reputation or property.
Deceit– a tort arising from an untrue or false statement of facts which are made by a person, recklessly or knowingly, with an intention that it shall be acted upon by the other person, who would suffer damages as a result. 
Fraud – a false or untrue representation of the fact, that is made with the knowledge of its falsity or without the belief in its truth or a reckless statement that may or may not be true, with an intention to induce a person or individual to act independent of it with the result that the person acts on it and suffers damages and harm. In other words, it is a wrong act or criminal deception with an intention to result in financial or personal gain.
Question - 1 
D went to a moneylender, Z, for the loan. D intentionally pledges the gold article with Z taking the loan. D knows that the article is not made of gold. After a few days, D leaves the village. Decide.

 

Option: 1 None

Option: 2 None

Option: 3 None

Option: 4 None

Read the passage carefully and answer the question

The Contract should be performed by the promisor himself. However, in certain cases, it can also be performed by his agents or legal representatives. It all depends upon the intention of the parties. Normally a contract can be performed by the following persons. 

  1. Promisor himself: If from the nature of the contract it appears that it was the intention of the parties that the promise should be performed by the promisor himself, such promise must be performed by the promisor. This usually applies to contracts involving personal skill, task, or artwork. 
  2. Promisor or his Agent: Where the contract does not involve the personal skill of the promisor, the contract could be performed by the promisor himself or by any competent person employed by him for the purpose, 
  3. Legal Representatives: The contracts which do not involve any personal skill or taste, may be performed by his legal representative after the death of the promisor.
  4. Third Person: In some cases, a contract may be performed by a third person provided the promisee accepts the arrangement. According to Section 41 of the Indian Contract Act, once the promisee accepts the performance from a third person, he cannot compel the promisor to perform the contract again. 
  5. Performance of Joint Promises: According to section 42 of the Indian Contract Act, when two or more persons have made a joint promise, the joint promisors must fulfill the promise jointly during their lifetime. And if any one of them dies, then his legal representatives and survivors must jointly fulfill the promise. 

Section 43 of the Indian Contract Act further provides that unless a contrary intention appears from the contract, each joint promisor may compel every other joint promisor to contribute equally to the performance of the promise. If any joint promisor makes a default in such contribution, the remaining joint promisors must bear the loss arising from such default in equal shares.

Question:

Aman received a box of chocolates from Basant and promised to pay Rupees 5000. Later on, A becomes bankrupt. Chetan who is a friend of Aman pays rupees 1000 to Besant on behalf of Aman. Aman is not aware of such a transaction. In civil court, insolvency proceedings have started against Aman. Meanwhile, Basant has also applied for a recovery of 5000 rupees. Decide.

Option: 1

Basant is entitled to recover the amount of 5000 from Aman.


Option: 2

Basant is entitled to recover the amount of 4000 from Aman.


Option: 3

Chetan is entitled to recover the amount of 1000 from Basant.


Option: 4

Basant cannot recover any amount from Aman as he has become insolvent.


Read the passage carefully and answer the question

The Contract should be performed by the promisor himself. However, in certain cases, it can also be performed by his agents or legal representatives. It all depends upon the intention of the parties. Normally a contract can be performed by the following persons. 

  1. Promisor himself: If from the nature of the contract it appears that it was the intention of the parties that the promise should be performed by the promisor himself, such promise must be performed by the promisor. This usually applies to contracts involving personal skill, task, or artwork. 
  2. Promisor or his Agent: Where the contract does not involve the personal skill of the promisor, the contract could be performed by the promisor himself or by any competent person employed by him for the purpose, 
  3. Legal Representatives: The contracts which do not involve any personal skill or taste, may be performed by his legal representative after the death of the promisor.
  4. Third Person: In some cases, a contract may be performed by a third person provided the promisee accepts the arrangement. According to Section 41 of the Indian Contract Act, once the promisee accepts the performance from a third person, he cannot compel the promisor to perform the contract again. 
  5. Performance of Joint Promises: According to section 42 of the Indian Contract Act, when two or more persons have made a joint promise, the joint promisors must fulfill the promise jointly during their lifetime. And if any one of them dies, then his legal representatives and survivors must jointly fulfill the promise. 

Section 43 of the Indian Contract Act further provides that unless a contrary intention appears from the contract, each joint promisor may compel every other joint promisor to contribute equally to the performance of the promise. If any joint promisor makes a default in such contribution, the remaining joint promisors must bear the loss arising from such default in equal shares.

Question:

K promises to paint a picture for L on a certain day, at a certain price. K dies before the day of the contract. Decide. 

Option: 1

The contract can be enforced by K’s representative 


Option: 2

The contract can be enforced by L


Option: 3

The contract can be enforced either by K’s representation or by L 


Option: 4

The contract cannot be enforced either by K’s representative, or L


Read the passage carefully and answer the question

The Contract should be performed by the promisor himself. However, in certain cases, it can also be performed by his agents or legal representatives. It all depends upon the intention of the parties. Normally a contract can be performed by the following persons. 

  1. Promisor himself: If from the nature of the contract it appears that it was the intention of the parties that the promise should be performed by the promisor himself, such promise must be performed by the promisor. This usually applies to contracts involving personal skill, task, or artwork. 
  2. Promisor or his Agent: Where the contract does not involve the personal skill of the promisor, the contract could be performed by the promisor himself or by any competent person employed by him for the purpose, 
  3. Legal Representatives: The contracts which do not involve any personal skill or taste, may be performed by his legal representative after the death of the promisor.
  4. Third Person: In some cases, a contract may be performed by a third person provided the promisee accepts the arrangement. According to Section 41 of the Indian Contract Act, once the promisee accepts the performance from a third person, he cannot compel the promisor to perform the contract again. 
  5. Performance of Joint Promises: According to section 42 of the Indian Contract Act, when two or more persons have made a joint promise, the joint promisors must fulfill the promise jointly during their lifetime. And if any one of them dies, then his legal representatives and survivors must jointly fulfill the promise. 

Section 43 of the Indian Contract Act further provides that unless a contrary intention appears from the contract, each joint promisor may compel every other joint promisor to contribute equally to the performance of the promise. If any joint promisor makes a default in such contribution, the remaining joint promisors must bear the loss arising from such default in equal shares.

Question:

Rohan has agreed to manage the catering services during the marriage of Sohan’s son Ramu. On the day of marriage, Rohan felt ill and sent his manager to the management of catering services. Ramu happily gets married to Tina and people appreciated the food and decoration of the event. When Rohan asked Sohan for the remaining amount, he denied it because Rohan himself had not managed so it is a breach. Decide.

 

Option: 1

Rohan is not entitled to get the remaining amount due to a breach of contract.


Option: 2

Rohan is entitled to sue Sohan for the remaining amount.


Option: 3

Rohan is entitled to sue Ramu because it was his marriage.


Option: 4

Instead of Rohan, his manager can only sue Sohan for the breach.


Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.

It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.

The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.

Question:

X is a student of a college and his father Y is a professor in the same college. In one instance, X is caught to be involved in unparliamentary activities inside the college campus. The enquiry committee is set up and Y is appointed as the head of the committee. Decide.

Option: 1

Y is a professor of the same college hence he can become a member of the enquiry committee


Option: 2

Y is X’s father hence he should not be a part of the enquiry committee


Option: 3

Y can be a part of the enquiry committee but cannot be its head


Option: 4

There is no rule that prevents the appointment of Y until he fulfils his function diligently


Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.

It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.

The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.

Question:

Mr X is an employee of a corporate office. His wife Y is a judge. In one instance, X is found to be involved in a money laundering case at his office. The office now files a suit and Y is appointed as the judge for this case. Decide.

Option: 1

Y is a judge by herself, hence can be appointed to adjudicate this case


Option: 2

Y is can be appointed as a judge only if she fulfils her responsibilities without any bias


Option: 3

Y can adjudicate the case and if the company finds the penalty to be insufficient then they can appeal against it


Option: 4

Y cannot be the judge in this case ab initio


Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.

It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.

The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.

Question:

X was a renowned cricketer in the 1980s. His son Y is a struggling cricketer who has been trying to get into the national team for many years. In the year 2020, X is appointed as a member of the selection committee. In the match which is supposed to decide the final team of the nation, Y scores a century and Z scores 65 runs. However, Z is selected to represent India and Y is not. Y now appeals against the decision, the main ground being the presence of X in the committee. Decide.

Option: 1

The appeal will stand as Y scored a century yet Z was selected after scoring 65 runs


Option: 2

The appeal will be quashed since X’s presence should have benefitted Y, but it didn’t, hence the rejection of Y is valid


Option: 3

The appeal will stand as X’s presence is a factor of bias


Option: 4

The appeal will be quashed since X was a renowned cricketer


Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.

It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.

The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.

Question:

X is a married judge who is well known for his honesty in the entire city. He has a son Y. One fine day Y gets kidnapped and the kidnapper demands a sum of 20 lakhs from X. However, the kidnapper is caught by the police. X is now appointed as the judge for the hearing of the kidnapper. Decide.

Option: 1

X can be the judge since he can decide the punishment better as he was the sufferer


Option: 2

X cannot be the judge since there is a possibility that he will be biased while delivering the judgement


Option: 3

X can be the judge since he is renowned for his honesty and fulfil his duties


Option: 4

X can be the judge but his statement can be appealed against if delivered with bias


Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.

It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.

The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.

Question:

X and Y have been married for five years. X is a judge and Y is a doctor. X is pretty much unhappy with his married life so he wants to divorce Y. Y refuses to agree to a divorce by mutual consent hence X files a suit against Y. Decide.

Option: 1

X cannot file a suit since he is a judge


Option: 2

X can file a suit against Y in legal capacity but not as a judge


Option: 3

X cannot file a divorce suit against Y since there is no valid ground for divorce


Option: 4

X can proceed with mutual consent but not contested divorce


Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

In the case of M/S Halonex Limited, 59-A Noida vs State of U.P., it was held that “In reply to the aforesaid submission, learned counsel for opposite party no.2 submitted that the case of the applicants that no amount is due from their side to the complainant is a matter of defence which cannot be considered at this stage. It has been submitted that the term 'entrustment' as used in Section 405 IPC has been given a wider interpretation. It has been submitted that the goods returned by the complainant to the Company for replacement or for reimbursement would be deemed to have been entrusted to the Company and as the applicants 2 & 3 were handling its affair they become responsible. To buttress the said submission, the learned counsel for the complainant drew the attention of the Court to a decision of the Apex Court in the case of Ram Narayan Popli Vs. Central Bureau of Investigation: (2003) 3 SCC 641, wherein it was observed that: "the term "entrustment" is not necessarily a term of law. It may have different implications in different contexts. In its most general signification all it imports is the handing over possession for some purpose which may not imply the conferring of any proprietary right at all." Attention was also drawn to an observation made in the judgment of the aforesaid case, where it was observed that: "to establish the charge of criminal breach of trust, the prosecution is not obliged to prove the precise mode of conversion, misappropriation or misapplication by the accused of the property entrusted to him or over which he has dominion. The principal ingredient of the offence being dishonest misappropriation or conversion which may not ordinarily be a matter of direct proof, entrustment of property and failure in breach of an obligation to account for the property entrusted if proved, may, in the light of other circumstances, justifiably lead to an inference of dishonest misappropriation or conversion”.

Question:

X tracks down an expensive necklace on the road. Not knowing to whom it belongs. X sells it promptly to a jeweller without attempting to find the owner or submitting the necklace to the authorities. Decide the liability of X.

Option: 1

Extortion


Option: 2

Criminal breach of trust


Option: 3

Theft


Option: 4

Criminal misappropriation of Property


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