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Important English Vocabulary Questions for CLAT 2026

Important English Vocabulary Questions for CLAT 2026

Edited By Ritika Jonwal | Updated on Aug 05, 2025 12:29 PM IST | #CLAT
Ongoing Event
CLAT  Application Date : 01 Aug' 2025 - 31 Oct' 2025

You may make or break your CLAT score with words! A broad vocabulary improves your understanding, speeds up reading, and sharpens your overall accuracy on the CLAT 2026 exam, in addition to helping you in the English part. Exam time can be saved by knowing the appropriate term at the right moment, according to several top scorers.

This Story also Contains
  1. CLAT 2026 English Language Question Paper Overview
  2. Preparation Tips For CLAT 2026 English Language Section
  3. Tips To Improve Vocabulary For CLAT 2026 Exam
  4. CLAT 2026 English Vocabulary Sample Questions
  5. CLAT Free Mock Test
Important English Vocabulary Questions for CLAT 2026
Important English Vocabulary Questions for CLAT 2026

You may confidently tackle synonyms, antonyms, fill-in-the-blanks, and comprehension-based challenges by mastering key English vocabulary questions. We'll go over high-frequency words, their definitions, and usage in this tutorial so you won't run into any trouble answering challenging language problems in the CLAT 2026 Exam.

CLAT 2026 English Language Question Paper Overview

Particulars

Details

Passages

4-6

Number of Questions

22-26 MCQs

Marks

22-26

Negative Marks

0.25 for every wrong answer

Important Topics

  • Grammar

  • Sentence Structure

  • Syntax and errors

  • Vocabulary

  • Answering direct questions based on the passage

Also Check: CLAT English Language 5 Years Question Paper Solution

Preparation Tips For CLAT 2026 English Language Section

Here are some pointers for the English Language Section of the CLAT 2026.

  • Recognise the portion Structure: It's Important to recognise the CLAT 2026 Exam Pattern. The English Language portion primarily consists of texts that measure comprehension, followed by questions that assess vocabulary, inference, and grammar in context. To properly organise your preparation, become familiar with the different kinds of readings (literature, current events, editorials), English Vocabulary Questions and the CLAT 2026 Syllabus.

  • Develop a Strong Reading Habit: Read The Hindu, The Indian Express, and periodicals like The Economist regularly. This enhances critical thinking, reading comprehension, and speed, all of which are essential for performing well on CLAT's passage-based questions.

  • Improve Your Usage and Vocabulary: Learn five to ten new words and review their antonyms, synonyms, and usage in context. You can improve your memory and answer CLAT's vocabulary-based questions by using resources like Word Power Made Easy or Vocabulary.com.

  • Practice Comprehension and Inference Questions: Focus on identifying the primary concept, tone, author’s viewpoint, and implied meanings in passages. You can become more comfortable with the format and timing of the questions by completing past years' CLAT papers and practice exams.

  • Practice Sentence Structure and Grammar: While CLAT does not assess grammar directly through individual questions, understanding is indirectly impacted by sentence construction and error detection. Accuracy can be increased by going over Wren & Martin's basic grammar rules.

  • Develop Time Management Skills: To ensure that you complete the English part quickly, give each passage 8 to 10 minutes of practice time. Using a timer to practice will help you balance accuracy and speed on the real test and help enhance CLAT Time management skills.

  • Analyse and Review Errors: After every practice or mock exam, go over your erroneous responses and determine what went wrong. You won't make the same errors on the final exam thanks to this analysis.

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Tips To Improve Vocabulary For CLAT 2026 Exam

Below are the tips to improve vocabulary for the CLAT 2026 Exam

  • Read Newspapers and Editorials Every Day: Reading The Hindu or Indian Express daily, particularly the editorial section, can help you better understand new words and put them in perspective.

  • Keep a Personal Vocabulary Journal: To help you remember new terms, write down their definitions, synonyms, antonyms, and sentence usage.

  • Practice Using Word Lists and Flashcards: To swiftly review words, use Quizlet or physical flashcards. Pay attention to CLAT-specific word lists, particularly those related to law and current events.

  • Learn Through Context and Usage: Read novels, essays, and summaries of court cases to gain an understanding of how words are used in phrases rather than memorising them by heart.

  • Complete the CLAT-Specific Vocabulary Tasks: Exam-oriented vocabulary can be strengthened by practising passage-based questions, synonyms, antonyms, and fill-in-the-blanks from prior years and practice exams to have an idea of the types of English Vocabulary Questions Asked.

  • Play Word Games and Quizzes: Online vocabulary tests, Scrabble, and crossword puzzles enhance learning and aid in long-term memory.

  • Review Frequently and Use in Writing: To help you remember new words, go over your list of words again and try incorporating them into essays, notes, or conversations.

CLAT Sample Paper 2026 with Answer Key- Careers360
Download the CLAT Sample Paper 2026 PDF featuring the latest exam pattern with descriptive-type questions for effective preparation.
Download EBook

Also check: 100+ Important Vocabulary Words for CLAT Exam 2026

CLAT 2026 English Vocabulary Sample Questions

Passage 1:

"The team was elated when they received the news of their victory. They had worked hard for months, overcoming obstacles and challenges. It was an emotional moment for everyone, especially considering the numerous setbacks they had faced during their preparation."

1. What does the word "elated" most nearly mean in the context of the passage?

A) Angry

B) Sad

C) Excited

D) Surprised

Correct Answer: C) Excited
Explanation: "Elated" means feeling great joy or excitement, especially due to a positive event or outcome, which fits the context of victory after hard work.

2. Which of the following words is most similar to "obstacles"?

A) Opportunities

B) Challenges

C) Achievements

D) Results

Correct Answer: B) Challenges
Explanation: "Obstacles" refers to things that hinder progress, and "challenges" are situations that require effort or determination, making them synonymous.

3. What does the word "setbacks" mean in the context of the passage?

A) Progresses

B) Delays or difficulties

C) Plans

D) Achievements

Correct Answer: B) Delays or difficulties
Explanation: "Setbacks" refers to hindrances or difficulties that delay progress, aligning with the challenges the team faced during preparation.

4. Which word is the opposite of "emotional" in the passage's context?

A) Passionate

B) Indifferent

C) Sensitive

D) Empathetic

Correct Answer: B) Indifferent
Explanation: "Emotional" suggests a strong feeling, while "indifferent" means lack of emotion or concern, making it the opposite in this context.

5. Which of the following best describes the mood of the passage?

A) Pessimistic

B) Joyful

C) Neutral

D) Sad

Correct Answer: B) Joyful
Explanation: The passage conveys a positive and celebratory mood as the team is elated after overcoming their challenges and winning.

Passage 2:

"Despite his reticence in meetings, John was always the first to offer help when his colleagues needed it. His quiet demeanour masked a strong sense of responsibility, and he believed in quietly contributing to the success of the team."

6. What does the word "reticence" most likely mean in the context of the passage?

A) Talkativeness

B) Silence or reluctance to speak

C) Confidence

D) Assertiveness

Correct Answer: B) Silence or reluctance to speak
Explanation: "Reticence" refers to a reluctance or hesitation to speak, which fits the description of John being quiet during meetings.

7. Which of the following words is most similar to "demeanor"?

A) Behaviour

B) Appearance

C) Attire

D) Performance

Correct Answer: A) Behaviour
Explanation: "Demeanour" refers to the outward behaviour or conduct of a person, making "behaviour" the most similar word.

8. What is the meaning of "masked" in the passage?

A) Hidden or concealed

B) Revealed
C) Celebrated

D) Expressed

Correct Answer: A) Hidden or concealed
Explanation: "Masked" in this context means hidden or concealed, as John’s quiet demeanour hides his strong sense of responsibility.

9. Which of the following words is the opposite of "contributing"?

A) Assisting

B) Withdrawing

C) Helping

D) Supporting

Correct Answer: B) Withdrawing
Explanation: "Contributing" means giving or adding to something, while "withdrawing" refers to taking away or not participating, making it the opposite.

10. What does the word "responsibility" imply in the passage?

A) Avoiding tasks

B) Avoiding commitments

C) The duty to take action

D) The ability to lead

Correct Answer: C) The duty to take action
Explanation: "Responsibility" refers to the obligation or duty to take action, in this case, to contribute to the team’s success.

Passage 3:

The recent surge in technology has led to an overwhelming reliance on digital tools. While these advancements provide convenience, they also pose significant challenges, including the potential loss of personal privacy. Experts warn that this dependency may render individuals vulnerable to various forms of surveillance. As technology continues to evolve, it is imperative to maintain a balance between the benefits of digital tools and the protection of individual rights.

Questions:

11. What does the word "surge" most closely mean in the context of the passage?

a) A drop in demand
b) A sudden increase
c) A steady decline
d) A gradual improvement

Correct answer: b) A sudden increase
Explanation: "Surge" refers to a sudden or strong increase, often in a specific direction, like an influx or rise.

12. What is the tone of the word "overwhelming" as used in the passage?

a) Positive
b) Neutral
c) Negative
d) Uncertain

Correct answer: c) Negative
Explanation: "Overwhelming" suggests something too much to handle, indicating a negative effect or challenge.

13. In the passage, the phrase "potential loss of personal privacy" implies:

a) Complete eradication of privacy
b) Possible decrease in privacy
c) Complete safety from privacy threats
d) Irrelevant issues to privacy

Correct answer: b) Possible decrease in privacy
Explanation: "Potential loss" indicates that there is a possibility, not certainty, of privacy being compromised.

14. Which of the following is a synonym for "vulnerable" as used in the passage?

a) Immune
b) Exposed
c) Insensitive
d) Fortified

Correct answer: b) Exposed
Explanation: "Vulnerable" means open to harm or danger, which is similar to "exposed."

15. The phrase "maintain a balance" refers to:

a) Discarding one aspect in favour of the other
b) Keeping equal importance for both aspects
c) Prioritising only one aspect
d) Ignoring both aspects

Correct answer: b) Keeping equal importance for both aspects
Explanation: "Maintain a balance" means giving due consideration to both aspects, without favouring one over the other.

Passage 4:

The novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley explores the consequences of unchecked ambition and the quest for knowledge. The protagonist, Victor Frankenstein, seeks to transcend the limitations of human existence by creating life. Still, in doing so, he awakens a series of tragic events that ultimately lead to his downfall. The creature, rejected by society for his monstrous appearance, embodies the consequences of playing God. Shelley's narrative weaves together themes of isolation, guilt, and the ethical implications of scientific exploration.

Questions:

16. What is the meaning of the word "transcend" as used in the passage?

A) To limit

B) To surpass

C) To repeat

D) To diminish

Answer: B) To surpass

Explanation: "Transcend" means to go beyond or surpass, which aligns with Victor Frankenstein’s goal to exceed human limitations.

17. In the context of the passage, what does the word "embodies" mean?

A) Represents

B) Rejects

C) Creates

D) Denies

Answer: A) Represents

Explanation: "Embodies" refers to something that represents or expresses a concept; in this case, the creature represents the consequences of Frankenstein's actions.

18. Which of the following is the best synonym for "guilt" in the passage?

A) Happiness

B) Remorse

C) Pride

D) Indifference

Answer: B) Remorse

Explanation: "Guilt" refers to the feeling of remorse, especially after doing something wrong. In the passage, Victor Frankenstein feels guilty for his actions.

19. What is the tone of the word "monstrous" as used in the passage?

A) Admirable

B) Terrifying

C) Innocent

D) Optimistic

Answer: B) Terrifying

Explanation: "Monstrous" in this context refers to something that is terrifying or frightful, which is how the creature is perceived due to his appearance.

20. What is the most likely meaning of "unveils" in the phrase "unveils the consequences"?

A) Conceals

B) Exposes

C) Limits
D) Amplifies

Answer: B) Exposes

Explanation: "Unveils" means to reveal or expose, indicating that the passage is talking about the revelation of the tragic consequences of Frankenstein’s actions.

CLAT Free Mock Test

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. How many questions are asked in the CLAT 2026 English Language Section?

The CLAT 2026 English Language section consists of 22-26 Questions in Total.

2. How to prepare for the English Language Section for the CLAT 2026 Exam?

It is advised to read newspapers daily, focusing on vocabulary, and practice questions daily will be helpful to score a good score in the CLAT English Language Section. 

3. What are the types of questions asked in the CLAT 2026 English Language Section?

The questions in the CLAT 2026 English Language Section consist of passage-based questions covering various topics in the English Language Section.

4. Is reading a newspaper important for the CLAT English Language Section?

Yes, reading a newspaper daily is an important tool to score good marks in the CLAT English Language Section. 

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Questions related to CLAT

Have a question related to CLAT ?

Hello,

Here is a detailed breakdown about Madhusudan Law University, Cuttack:

1. Girls' Hostel: Yes, girls’ hostel is available inside the campus with decent facilities like 24/7 security, Wi-Fi, and mess services.

2. Hostel Fee: Approx. 12,000–15,000 per year (may vary). Security deposit and mess fees are additional.

3. Can hosteller go outside – Yes, but permission or gate pass may be required, especially for late outings. Safety protocols are followed.

4. Safety for Girls: The university is considered safe, especially as it is a reputed public institution. Hostel and campus have CCTV and female wardens.

5. Entrance Exam Difficulty: The entrance for integrated BA-LLB is moderate in difficulty. If applying via CLAT, the competition is higher.

6. Admission via CLAT – Yes, some seats are reserved for CLAT-qualified candidates. Otherwise, university may also have its own entrance or merit-based selection.

7. Admission Criteria (BA-LLB): 10+2 with minimum 45% marks (40% for SC/ST), and qualifying entrance or CLAT depending on the mode chosen.

Thank you!

Hello!

CLAT scores around 41–45 marks are typically quite low for admission into top NLUs through the general category. Most NLUs cut off above 80–90+ marks for BA LLB admissions. If you're applying under a reserved category (e.g. SC, ST, OBC), there’s some chance at lower-ranked NLUs, but general category seats at NLUs are highly competitive.

However, many private law colleges accept CLAT scores and may provide good studies and reasonable placement opportunities. These colleges often have higher cutoffs and inclusive selection. If you are keen to pursue law, consider applying to these institutions as well. And if you're motivated, you could also aim to improve your CLAT score next year many students do exactly that for better prospects.

For more information about NLU you can check this page;

https://law.careers360.com/articles/nlu-admissions

Thank you!



CLAT is a entrance exam,after clearing CLAT exam you are eligible for national law University ,But after CLAT you does not got any type of scholarship,but after clearing this exam you have many opportunities on the basis of merit you will got different type of scholarships.

Hello Vaishali

A CLAT score of 46.25 is considered low for top NLUs (National Law Universities), but you can still get a lower NLU (if reserved category) or a private college like:

1. UPES Dehradun
2. ICFAI Law School, Hyderabad
3. Alliance University, Bangalore
4. VIT School of Law
5. Amity Law School, Noida

For more information about CLAT: CLAT 2025

Hope this answer helps! Thank You!!!

Hi dear candidate,

Your rank of 4032 in CLAT exam with EWS appears to be insufficient for admission in IP University colleges as the category wise cut off for IPU colleges is lower than your rank at least for the top tier colleges like VIPS and MAIMS.

The majority of seats are reserved for students with Delhi domicile in IPU colleges and if you belong to outside Delhi then, it's slightly difficult.

However, some colleges like Trinity (TIIPS) in Dwarka accepted admissions for Law at higher rank of around 8,000 so you might also have a chance there.

Otherwise, you can find top Law colleges in Delhi NCR at our official website:

Law Colleges in Delhi NCR 2025 – Courses, Fees, Admission, Rank

BEST REGARDS

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Read the passage carefully and answer the question

The Contract should be performed by the promisor himself. However, in certain cases, it can also be performed by his agents or legal representatives. It all depends upon the intention of the parties. Normally a contract can be performed by the following persons. 

  1. Promisor himself: If from the nature of the contract it appears that it was the intention of the parties that the promise should be performed by the promisor himself, such promise must be performed by the promisor. This usually applies to contracts involving personal skill, task, or artwork. 
  2. Promisor or his Agent: Where the contract does not involve the personal skill of the promisor, the contract could be performed by the promisor himself or by any competent person employed by him for the purpose, 
  3. Legal Representatives: The contracts which do not involve any personal skill or taste, may be performed by his legal representative after the death of the promisor.
  4. Third Person: In some cases, a contract may be performed by a third person provided the promisee accepts the arrangement. According to Section 41 of the Indian Contract Act, once the promisee accepts the performance from a third person, he cannot compel the promisor to perform the contract again. 
  5. Performance of Joint Promises: According to section 42 of the Indian Contract Act, when two or more persons have made a joint promise, the joint promisors must fulfill the promise jointly during their lifetime. And if any one of them dies, then his legal representatives and survivors must jointly fulfill the promise. 

Section 43 of the Indian Contract Act further provides that unless a contrary intention appears from the contract, each joint promisor may compel every other joint promisor to contribute equally to the performance of the promise. If any joint promisor makes a default in such contribution, the remaining joint promisors must bear the loss arising from such default in equal shares.

Question:

Aman received a box of chocolates from Basant and promised to pay Rupees 5000. Later on, A becomes bankrupt. Chetan who is a friend of Aman pays rupees 1000 to Besant on behalf of Aman. Aman is not aware of such a transaction. In civil court, insolvency proceedings have started against Aman. Meanwhile, Basant has also applied for a recovery of 5000 rupees. Decide.

Option: 1

Basant is entitled to recover the amount of 5000 from Aman.


Option: 2

Basant is entitled to recover the amount of 4000 from Aman.


Option: 3

Chetan is entitled to recover the amount of 1000 from Basant.


Option: 4

Basant cannot recover any amount from Aman as he has become insolvent.


Read the passage carefully and answer the question

The Contract should be performed by the promisor himself. However, in certain cases, it can also be performed by his agents or legal representatives. It all depends upon the intention of the parties. Normally a contract can be performed by the following persons. 

  1. Promisor himself: If from the nature of the contract it appears that it was the intention of the parties that the promise should be performed by the promisor himself, such promise must be performed by the promisor. This usually applies to contracts involving personal skill, task, or artwork. 
  2. Promisor or his Agent: Where the contract does not involve the personal skill of the promisor, the contract could be performed by the promisor himself or by any competent person employed by him for the purpose, 
  3. Legal Representatives: The contracts which do not involve any personal skill or taste, may be performed by his legal representative after the death of the promisor.
  4. Third Person: In some cases, a contract may be performed by a third person provided the promisee accepts the arrangement. According to Section 41 of the Indian Contract Act, once the promisee accepts the performance from a third person, he cannot compel the promisor to perform the contract again. 
  5. Performance of Joint Promises: According to section 42 of the Indian Contract Act, when two or more persons have made a joint promise, the joint promisors must fulfill the promise jointly during their lifetime. And if any one of them dies, then his legal representatives and survivors must jointly fulfill the promise. 

Section 43 of the Indian Contract Act further provides that unless a contrary intention appears from the contract, each joint promisor may compel every other joint promisor to contribute equally to the performance of the promise. If any joint promisor makes a default in such contribution, the remaining joint promisors must bear the loss arising from such default in equal shares.

Question:

K promises to paint a picture for L on a certain day, at a certain price. K dies before the day of the contract. Decide. 

Option: 1

The contract can be enforced by K’s representative 


Option: 2

The contract can be enforced by L


Option: 3

The contract can be enforced either by K’s representation or by L 


Option: 4

The contract cannot be enforced either by K’s representative, or L


Read the passage carefully and answer the question

The Contract should be performed by the promisor himself. However, in certain cases, it can also be performed by his agents or legal representatives. It all depends upon the intention of the parties. Normally a contract can be performed by the following persons. 

  1. Promisor himself: If from the nature of the contract it appears that it was the intention of the parties that the promise should be performed by the promisor himself, such promise must be performed by the promisor. This usually applies to contracts involving personal skill, task, or artwork. 
  2. Promisor or his Agent: Where the contract does not involve the personal skill of the promisor, the contract could be performed by the promisor himself or by any competent person employed by him for the purpose, 
  3. Legal Representatives: The contracts which do not involve any personal skill or taste, may be performed by his legal representative after the death of the promisor.
  4. Third Person: In some cases, a contract may be performed by a third person provided the promisee accepts the arrangement. According to Section 41 of the Indian Contract Act, once the promisee accepts the performance from a third person, he cannot compel the promisor to perform the contract again. 
  5. Performance of Joint Promises: According to section 42 of the Indian Contract Act, when two or more persons have made a joint promise, the joint promisors must fulfill the promise jointly during their lifetime. And if any one of them dies, then his legal representatives and survivors must jointly fulfill the promise. 

Section 43 of the Indian Contract Act further provides that unless a contrary intention appears from the contract, each joint promisor may compel every other joint promisor to contribute equally to the performance of the promise. If any joint promisor makes a default in such contribution, the remaining joint promisors must bear the loss arising from such default in equal shares.

Question:

Rohan has agreed to manage the catering services during the marriage of Sohan’s son Ramu. On the day of marriage, Rohan felt ill and sent his manager to the management of catering services. Ramu happily gets married to Tina and people appreciated the food and decoration of the event. When Rohan asked Sohan for the remaining amount, he denied it because Rohan himself had not managed so it is a breach. Decide.

 

Option: 1

Rohan is not entitled to get the remaining amount due to a breach of contract.


Option: 2

Rohan is entitled to sue Sohan for the remaining amount.


Option: 3

Rohan is entitled to sue Ramu because it was his marriage.


Option: 4

Instead of Rohan, his manager can only sue Sohan for the breach.


Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.

It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.

The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.

Question:

X is a student of a college and his father Y is a professor in the same college. In one instance, X is caught to be involved in unparliamentary activities inside the college campus. The enquiry committee is set up and Y is appointed as the head of the committee. Decide.

Option: 1

Y is a professor of the same college hence he can become a member of the enquiry committee


Option: 2

Y is X’s father hence he should not be a part of the enquiry committee


Option: 3

Y can be a part of the enquiry committee but cannot be its head


Option: 4

There is no rule that prevents the appointment of Y until he fulfils his function diligently


Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.

It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.

The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.

Question:

Mr X is an employee of a corporate office. His wife Y is a judge. In one instance, X is found to be involved in a money laundering case at his office. The office now files a suit and Y is appointed as the judge for this case. Decide.

Option: 1

Y is a judge by herself, hence can be appointed to adjudicate this case


Option: 2

Y is can be appointed as a judge only if she fulfils her responsibilities without any bias


Option: 3

Y can adjudicate the case and if the company finds the penalty to be insufficient then they can appeal against it


Option: 4

Y cannot be the judge in this case ab initio


Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.

It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.

The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.

Question:

X was a renowned cricketer in the 1980s. His son Y is a struggling cricketer who has been trying to get into the national team for many years. In the year 2020, X is appointed as a member of the selection committee. In the match which is supposed to decide the final team of the nation, Y scores a century and Z scores 65 runs. However, Z is selected to represent India and Y is not. Y now appeals against the decision, the main ground being the presence of X in the committee. Decide.

Option: 1

The appeal will stand as Y scored a century yet Z was selected after scoring 65 runs


Option: 2

The appeal will be quashed since X’s presence should have benefitted Y, but it didn’t, hence the rejection of Y is valid


Option: 3

The appeal will stand as X’s presence is a factor of bias


Option: 4

The appeal will be quashed since X was a renowned cricketer


Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.

It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.

The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.

Question:

X is a married judge who is well known for his honesty in the entire city. He has a son Y. One fine day Y gets kidnapped and the kidnapper demands a sum of 20 lakhs from X. However, the kidnapper is caught by the police. X is now appointed as the judge for the hearing of the kidnapper. Decide.

Option: 1

X can be the judge since he can decide the punishment better as he was the sufferer


Option: 2

X cannot be the judge since there is a possibility that he will be biased while delivering the judgement


Option: 3

X can be the judge since he is renowned for his honesty and fulfil his duties


Option: 4

X can be the judge but his statement can be appealed against if delivered with bias


Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.

It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.

The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.

Question:

X and Y have been married for five years. X is a judge and Y is a doctor. X is pretty much unhappy with his married life so he wants to divorce Y. Y refuses to agree to a divorce by mutual consent hence X files a suit against Y. Decide.

Option: 1

X cannot file a suit since he is a judge


Option: 2

X can file a suit against Y in legal capacity but not as a judge


Option: 3

X cannot file a divorce suit against Y since there is no valid ground for divorce


Option: 4

X can proceed with mutual consent but not contested divorce


Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

In the case of M/S Halonex Limited, 59-A Noida vs State of U.P., it was held that “In reply to the aforesaid submission, learned counsel for opposite party no.2 submitted that the case of the applicants that no amount is due from their side to the complainant is a matter of defence which cannot be considered at this stage. It has been submitted that the term 'entrustment' as used in Section 405 IPC has been given a wider interpretation. It has been submitted that the goods returned by the complainant to the Company for replacement or for reimbursement would be deemed to have been entrusted to the Company and as the applicants 2 & 3 were handling its affair they become responsible. To buttress the said submission, the learned counsel for the complainant drew the attention of the Court to a decision of the Apex Court in the case of Ram Narayan Popli Vs. Central Bureau of Investigation: (2003) 3 SCC 641, wherein it was observed that: "the term "entrustment" is not necessarily a term of law. It may have different implications in different contexts. In its most general signification all it imports is the handing over possession for some purpose which may not imply the conferring of any proprietary right at all." Attention was also drawn to an observation made in the judgment of the aforesaid case, where it was observed that: "to establish the charge of criminal breach of trust, the prosecution is not obliged to prove the precise mode of conversion, misappropriation or misapplication by the accused of the property entrusted to him or over which he has dominion. The principal ingredient of the offence being dishonest misappropriation or conversion which may not ordinarily be a matter of direct proof, entrustment of property and failure in breach of an obligation to account for the property entrusted if proved, may, in the light of other circumstances, justifiably lead to an inference of dishonest misappropriation or conversion”.

Question:

X tracks down an expensive necklace on the road. Not knowing to whom it belongs. X sells it promptly to a jeweller without attempting to find the owner or submitting the necklace to the authorities. Decide the liability of X.

Option: 1

Extortion


Option: 2

Criminal breach of trust


Option: 3

Theft


Option: 4

Criminal misappropriation of Property


Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

In the case of M/S Halonex Limited, 59-A Noida vs State of U.P., it was held that “In reply to the aforesaid submission, learned counsel for opposite party no.2 submitted that the case of the applicants that no amount is due from their side to the complainant is a matter of defence which cannot be considered at this stage. It has been submitted that the term 'entrustment' as used in Section 405 IPC has been given a wider interpretation. It has been submitted that the goods returned by the complainant to the Company for replacement or for reimbursement would be deemed to have been entrusted to the Company and as the applicants 2 & 3 were handling its affair they become responsible. To buttress the said submission, the learned counsel for the complainant drew the attention of the Court to a decision of the Apex Court in the case of Ram Narayan Popli Vs. Central Bureau of Investigation: (2003) 3 SCC 641, wherein it was observed that: "the term "entrustment" is not necessarily a term of law. It may have different implications in different contexts. In its most general signification all it imports is the handing over possession for some purpose which may not imply the conferring of any proprietary right at all." Attention was also drawn to an observation made in the judgment of the aforesaid case, where it was observed that: "to establish the charge of criminal breach of trust, the prosecution is not obliged to prove the precise mode of conversion, misappropriation or misapplication by the accused of the property entrusted to him or over which he has dominion. The principal ingredient of the offence being dishonest misappropriation or conversion which may not ordinarily be a matter of direct proof, entrustment of property and failure in breach of an obligation to account for the property entrusted if proved, may, in the light of other circumstances, justifiably lead to an inference of dishonest misappropriation or conversion”.

Question:

P borrows from L his phone for using it to call his parents. However, when L is distracted, P removes the memory card of the phone and later on sells it. Decide the liability of P.

Option: 1

P is guilty under dishonest misappropriation of property

 


Option: 2

P is not guilty for any offence since the phone was given with consent


Option: 3

P is guilty for theft


Option: 4

P has been handed over the phone, so he has the right to use it as he likes


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