Having a good score in CLAT 2026 is important, as every year around 60,000 candidates appear for the Common Law Admission Test but just over 4000 seats are available. CLAT 2026 will be conducted on December 7, 2025. The CLAT 2026 results will be out one week after the exam and students must be aware about what is a good score is in CLAT. With a success rate of around 5%, the consensus is that CLAT is tough. An awareness of what a good score in CLAT can help candidates estimate their chances of NLU admission into various universities. Analysis of last year's exam suggests that a good score in CLAT 2026 is expected to be 100+ marks for the general category in the top two NLUs. Last year's CLAT 2025 topper, Sakhsam Gautam, has scored the highest marks of 103.5 in CLAT 2025. The exact data about what is a good score in CLAT 2026 can be known if one looks at the previous year's NLU cut-off data, past years' exam analysis, reservation, and seat matrix.
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What is a good score in CLAT under the new pattern?
CLAT 2025 Exam Analysis
Key takeaways from previous year CLAT cut-offs - Top Four NLUs
What is a good score in CLAT 2026
A good score in CLAT 2026 is expected to be higher similar to last year, as easier exam results in higher CLAT cut-offs. Along with a good score, aspirants must also have an understanding of the CLAT marks vs rank dynamics to know what rank a particular CLAT score translates to. Scores obtained in CLAT 2026 will be accepted by National Law Universities (NLUs) participating in the exam and other affiliated colleges. Through the Common Law Admission Test, candidates will be admitted into the 5-year LLB programmes of participating NLUs.
What is a good score in CLAT under the new pattern?
The total number of questions in CLAT has dropped from 150 to 120. This change has significantly altered the estimates of what constitutes a good CLAT score. The revised CLAT pattern will have implications for overall CLAT cut-offs 2025 as well. Earlier, a score of 100+ marks (66%) out of 150 was considered enough to clear the CLAT cut-off for the general category. However, under the revised pattern, a good score in CLAT has increased to around 80-85% marks (100 marks out of 120). The good score in CLAT 2025 for other categories has also increased proportionately.
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A relatively easy paper indicates that a good score in CLAT will be 90+ marks to get into top 10 NLUs. Tier-2 and tier-3 NLUs have slightly lower cut-offs than the top ones. Still, the difference in cut-off marks among the top NLUs is not as wide as it appears when we look at the earlier cut-offs in terms of rank. This is due to the intense competition among applicants.
CLAT Sample Paper 2026 with Answer Key- Careers360
Download the CLAT Sample Paper 2026 PDF featuring the latest exam pattern with descriptive-type questions for effective preparation.
The analysis of the category-wise data available for previous CLAT results indicates that the good score in CLAT has risen considerably across all categories. A good score for a general candidate is in the range of 90-100+ marks. A good CLAT score for an EWS candidate is in the range of 85-95+ marks. The CLAT cut-off marks further decrease for other categories. For candidates under state reservation category, a good score in CLAT 2025 will be considerably lower than the score required for all other categories that do not come under state reservation or domicile reservation. A good score in CLAT 2026 for an OBC candidate will be 80-90+ marks. On the other hand, SC and ST candidates can secure a seat in top NLUs with a CLAT 2026 score of 75-85 marks without domicile reservation.
Category Wise Expected Good Score in CLAT 2026 in Top NLUs
Candidates can also make use of the CLAT 2025 college predictor developed by Careers360 to know whether they have a good score in CLAT 2026 for admission into various NLUs. This free tool, provides the candidates with a list of NLUs in which they have a strong chance of admission by taking inputs such as the candidate's overall rank, state, seat type, and category. The direct link to the college predictor is given below.
A good attempt in CLAT 2025 will be anywhere between 105-110 questions assuming there is not too much guesswork and loss of marks on account of negative marking. With an attempt of 105-110 questions and good accuracy, candidates can expect to score around 98-100 marks which is enough for admission in the top 3 NLUs.
Good Score in CLAT PG 2026
A good score in CLAT LLM 2026 is expected to be far less than what is required for CLAT UG. As per last year trends, a good score in CLAT PG 2026 is 71+ marks for admission into top NLUs. The CLAT PG vs rank analysis shows that with a score of 71+, a candidate can obtain a CLAT rank of 100 or higher. The CLAT LLM cut-off trends indicate that a rank of 100 in CLAT PG is good for admission into elite NLUs such as NLSIU Bengaluru and NALSAR Hyderabad.
CLAT 2025 Exam Analysis
Analysis of the CLAT 2025 question paper suggests that a good score in CLAT is around 100 marks for top NLUs such as NLSIU Bengaluru and NALSAR Hyderabad. The exam was easy as it was observed last year. The cut-off rank is not expected to change as the NLU preferences of candidates continue to be the same with NLSIU Bengaluru being the top choice.
CLAT 2026 Section Wise Difficulty Level
Section
Difficulty level
English
Easy
General knowledge
Easy
Quantitative aptitude
Easy to moderate
Legal reasoning
Easy
Logical reasoning
Easy to moderate
Overall
Easy-moderate
NLUs with Low scores/Rank in CLAT 2026
The lower-ranked and new NLUs such as DBRANLU Sonipat have offered admission to students securing 46-48% marks in the past. However, due an easy paper in the revised pattern, a low score in CLAT, such as less than 50% may not be sufficient. For top NLUs, there has been a 15 percentage point increase in the expected good score which is now 90-100 marks. For lower-ranked NLUs, a score of 65-70% should be enough, i.e. a score of 75-80 marks. It is also a matter of the candidate's personal choice in whether to opt for admission to a lower-ranked NLU or look elsewhere.
What to Do in Case of Low Score in CLAT 2026?
If candidates have a low score in CLAT 2026, they can check the list of colleges for admission with low CLAT scores. Such candidates can also appear for other law entrance exams, where one can get admission into top-ranked law schools like NLU Delhi through AILET, or ILS Pune and GLC Mumbai through MH CET Law. There are many colleges other than NLUs that have better placement records, alumni base, infrastructure, etc. So, there is no dearth of options for candidates who do not have a good score in CLAT. The table below provides last year’s general category cut-offs for top-ranked NLUs in India.
Top NLU Cut Off Ranks 2025
Name of Law School
Cut off for General Category (After three counselling rounds)
Key takeaways from previous year CLAT cut-offs - Top Four NLUs
Let's look at some key insights and takeaways obtained by analysing CLAT 2025 scores for the top four NLUs.
NLSIU Bengaluru
NLSIU Bengaluru always remains the most preferred NLU among the students. Last year, the closing rank was 112 for general category after three rounds. The institute has increased seats in the last two years, so cut-offs have gone up accordingly.
The NLSIU Bengaluru cut-off mark which used to be around 68-70% (103-104 marks) earlier has increased marginally. Under the new pattern, students should still try to score around 80% (100+ marks) or above to secure admission to this university. In case of a reserved category, even 4000 will be a good rank to obtain admission because of lower CLAT cut off marks. The table below describes the cut off rank for each category.
The second most sought-after university among NLUs, the NALSAR Hyderabad BA LLB cut-off rank was 159 last year. The admission list shows that most of the top-ranked candidates who do not get NLSIU Bengaluru apply for NALSAR Hyderabad.
NALSAR Hyderabad BA LLB Cut Offs 2025
Category
Closing rank
General
159
EWS
546
OBC
1219
SC
3273
ST
3621
NALSAR Hyderabad BA LLB Cut Offs 2024
Category
Closing rank
General
167
EWS
564
OBC
1116
SC
3574
ST
6083
WBNUJS Kolkata
The third-best CLAT NLU, WBNUJS Kolkata is similar to NALSAR Hyderabad in terms of campus placement. Most students put WBNUJS in the third position while giving NLU preference. Last year, WBNUJS Kolkata's closing rank for the general category was 327
WBNUJS Kolkata BA LLB Cut Offs 2025
Cateogory
Closing rank
General
327
EWS
-
OBC
4168* (state reservation)
SC
4753
ST
6343
WBNUJS Kolkata BA LLB Cut Offs 2024
Cateogory
Closing rank
General
279
EWS
-
OBC
23192 (state reservation)
SC
4503
ST
8860
NLU Jodhpur
The general category CLAT cut-off rank for NLU Jodhpur was 367 last year. This means a good competitive pool of candidates went to NLU Jodhpur too.
NLU Jodhpur BA LLB Cut offs 2025
Category
Closing rank
General
367
EWS
986
OBC
1776
SC
5445
ST
5955
NLU Jodhpur BA LLB Cut offs 2024
Category
Closing rank
General
379
EWS
-
OBC
1424
SC
5178
ST
8960
Order of Preference
The rank list for the top 4 NLUs suggests that students have preferred the NLUs in the following order - NLSIU Bengaluru, NALSAR Hyderabad, WBNUJS Kolkata and NLU Jodhpur.
MNLU Mumbai
Interestingly, MNLU Mumbai which is new (establishment year - 2014) compared to top-ranked NLUs is also among the student’s preferred list. The general category closing rank for MNLU Mumbai comes within the 600 rank. However, one should also notice that MNLU Mumbai has 63% of seats reserved for Maharashtra-domiciled candidates. This is also a reason why only a few candidates under the open category get admission to this university and thus cut-offs are so competitive.
Under the new pattern, candidates should try to score around 90+ marks to get admission to top NLUs.
Q: Is 33 a good score in CLAT?
A:
No 33 marks may not be enough to secure NLU admission through CLAT.
Q: Is 70 a good score in CLAT 2025?
A:
70 is not a good score in CLAT 2025 for admission into top NLUs. The CLAT ST cut off for top NLUs is expected to be around 75+ marks.
Q: Can I get admission o NLSIU Bengaluru with CLAT rank 200 under general category?
A:
CLAT cut-offs for NLSIU Bengaluru was 98 last year under the general category. So, getting admission with a CLAT rank 200 is difficult unless you have a domicile category reservation for the university.
Q: Is 57 a good score in CLAT?
A:
57 may not be a good score for a general candidate. To get into one of the top NLUs, a candidate must score in the range of 90+ marks. However, with 57 marks, a candidate from a reserved category may be able to get admission.
Q: Is 105 a good score in CLAT?
A:
Yes. A score of 105 will be enough to bag a seat in a top NLU such as NLSIU Bengaluru.
Q: What are the top 4 NLUs in CLAT?
A:
NLSIU Bengaluru, NALSAR Hyderabad, WBNUJS Kolkata and NLU Jodhpur are the top four NLUs participating in CLAT.
Q: Which NLU can I get with a CLAT rank 1000 and general category?
A:
You can get NLU Odisha, RGNLU, NLU Trichy with general category CLAT rank 1000.
While NLUs are costly, you can still pursue government-funded law education through state-funded universities and their affiliated colleges that accept CLAT scores, such as institutes like Banaras Hindu University and Aligarh Muslim University.
It is always better to take the CLAT exam right after Class 12 if your goal is to build a career in law, because CLAT UG is specifically designed for admission into integrated five-year law programs like BA LLB, BCom LLB, or BBA LLB. Appearing after Class 12 saves you time, as you complete both graduation and law together in a single course. On the other hand, if you first complete graduation and then plan for law, you will not be eligible for CLAT UG but instead for CLAT PG, which is meant for admission into LLM programs. This path takes longer, because you first spend three or four years on graduation and then add another three years in an LLB program if you choose not to go for an integrated course. So, if you are already sure about pursuing law as your career, writing CLAT right after Class 12 is the smarter and time-saving option, while writing it after graduation makes sense only if you are considering higher studies in law or a shift in career later.
For CLAT, the most important topics are from Legal Reasoning, Current Affairs & GK, the Indian Constitution, English Language, Quantitative Techniques and Logical Reasoning. For a brief detail you can go through the following link:
https://law.careers360.com/articles/clat-important-topics
Read the passage carefully and answer the question
The Contract should be performed by the promisor himself. However, in certain cases, it can also be performed by his agents or legal representatives. It all depends upon the intention of the parties. Normally a contract can be performed by the following persons.
Promisor himself: If from the nature of the contract it appears that it was the intention of the parties that the promise should be performed by the promisor himself, such promise must be performed by the promisor. This usually applies to contracts involving personal skill, task, or artwork.
Promisor or his Agent: Where the contract does not involve the personal skill of the promisor, the contract could be performed by the promisor himself or by any competent person employed by him for the purpose,
Legal Representatives: The contracts which do not involve any personal skill or taste, may be performed by his legal representative after the death of the promisor.
Third Person: In some cases, a contract may be performed by a third person provided the promisee accepts the arrangement. According to Section 41 of the Indian Contract Act, once the promisee accepts the performance from a third person, he cannot compel the promisor to perform the contract again.
Performance of Joint Promises: According to section 42 of the Indian Contract Act, when two or more persons have made a joint promise, the joint promisors must fulfill the promise jointly during their lifetime. And if any one of them dies, then his legal representatives and survivors must jointly fulfill the promise.
Section 43 of the Indian Contract Act further provides that unless a contrary intention appears from the contract, each joint promisor may compel every other joint promisor to contribute equally to the performance of the promise. If any joint promisor makes a default in such contribution, the remaining joint promisors must bear the loss arising from such default in equal shares.
Question:
Aman received a box of chocolates from Basant and promised to pay Rupees 5000. Later on, A becomes bankrupt. Chetan who is a friend of Aman pays rupees 1000 to Besant on behalf of Aman. Aman is not aware of such a transaction. In civil court, insolvency proceedings have started against Aman. Meanwhile, Basant has also applied for a recovery of 5000 rupees. Decide.
Option: 1
Basant is entitled to recover the amount of 5000 from Aman.
Option: 2
Basant is entitled to recover the amount of 4000 from Aman.
Option: 3
Chetan is entitled to recover the amount of 1000 from Basant.
Option: 4
Basant cannot recover any amount from Aman as he has become insolvent.
Read the passage carefully and answer the question
The Contract should be performed by the promisor himself. However, in certain cases, it can also be performed by his agents or legal representatives. It all depends upon the intention of the parties. Normally a contract can be performed by the following persons.
Promisor himself: If from the nature of the contract it appears that it was the intention of the parties that the promise should be performed by the promisor himself, such promise must be performed by the promisor. This usually applies to contracts involving personal skill, task, or artwork.
Promisor or his Agent: Where the contract does not involve the personal skill of the promisor, the contract could be performed by the promisor himself or by any competent person employed by him for the purpose,
Legal Representatives: The contracts which do not involve any personal skill or taste, may be performed by his legal representative after the death of the promisor.
Third Person: In some cases, a contract may be performed by a third person provided the promisee accepts the arrangement. According to Section 41 of the Indian Contract Act, once the promisee accepts the performance from a third person, he cannot compel the promisor to perform the contract again.
Performance of Joint Promises: According to section 42 of the Indian Contract Act, when two or more persons have made a joint promise, the joint promisors must fulfill the promise jointly during their lifetime. And if any one of them dies, then his legal representatives and survivors must jointly fulfill the promise.
Section 43 of the Indian Contract Act further provides that unless a contrary intention appears from the contract, each joint promisor may compel every other joint promisor to contribute equally to the performance of the promise. If any joint promisor makes a default in such contribution, the remaining joint promisors must bear the loss arising from such default in equal shares.
Question:
K promises to paint a picture for L on a certain day, at a certain price. K dies before the day of the contract. Decide.
Option: 1
The contract can be enforced by K’s representative
Option: 2
The contract can be enforced by L
Option: 3
The contract can be enforced either by K’s representation or by L
Option: 4
The contract cannot be enforced either by K’s representative, or L
Read the passage carefully and answer the question
The Contract should be performed by the promisor himself. However, in certain cases, it can also be performed by his agents or legal representatives. It all depends upon the intention of the parties. Normally a contract can be performed by the following persons.
Promisor himself: If from the nature of the contract it appears that it was the intention of the parties that the promise should be performed by the promisor himself, such promise must be performed by the promisor. This usually applies to contracts involving personal skill, task, or artwork.
Promisor or his Agent: Where the contract does not involve the personal skill of the promisor, the contract could be performed by the promisor himself or by any competent person employed by him for the purpose,
Legal Representatives: The contracts which do not involve any personal skill or taste, may be performed by his legal representative after the death of the promisor.
Third Person: In some cases, a contract may be performed by a third person provided the promisee accepts the arrangement. According to Section 41 of the Indian Contract Act, once the promisee accepts the performance from a third person, he cannot compel the promisor to perform the contract again.
Performance of Joint Promises: According to section 42 of the Indian Contract Act, when two or more persons have made a joint promise, the joint promisors must fulfill the promise jointly during their lifetime. And if any one of them dies, then his legal representatives and survivors must jointly fulfill the promise.
Section 43 of the Indian Contract Act further provides that unless a contrary intention appears from the contract, each joint promisor may compel every other joint promisor to contribute equally to the performance of the promise. If any joint promisor makes a default in such contribution, the remaining joint promisors must bear the loss arising from such default in equal shares.
Question:
Rohan has agreed to manage the catering services during the marriage of Sohan’s son Ramu. On the day of marriage, Rohan felt ill and sent his manager to the management of catering services. Ramu happily gets married to Tina and people appreciated the food and decoration of the event. When Rohan asked Sohan for the remaining amount, he denied it because Rohan himself had not managed so it is a breach. Decide.
Option: 1
Rohan is not entitled to get the remaining amount due to a breach of contract.
Option: 2
Rohan is entitled to sue Sohan for the remaining amount.
Option: 3
Rohan is entitled to sue Ramu because it was his marriage.
Option: 4
Instead of Rohan, his manager can only sue Sohan for the breach.
Read the passage and answer the question that follow.
Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.
It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.
The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.
Question:
X is a student of a college and his father Y is a professor in the same college. In one instance, X is caught to be involved in unparliamentary activities inside the college campus. The enquiry committee is set up and Y is appointed as the head of the committee. Decide.
Option: 1
Y is a professor of the same college hence he can become a member of the enquiry committee
Option: 2
Y is X’s father hence he should not be a part of the enquiry committee
Option: 3
Y can be a part of the enquiry committee but cannot be its head
Option: 4
There is no rule that prevents the appointment of Y until he fulfils his function diligently
Read the passage and answer the question that follow.
Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.
It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.
The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.
Question:
Mr X is an employee of a corporate office. His wife Y is a judge. In one instance, X is found to be involved in a money laundering case at his office. The office now files a suit and Y is appointed as the judge for this case. Decide.
Option: 1
Y is a judge by herself, hence can be appointed to adjudicate this case
Option: 2
Y is can be appointed as a judge only if she fulfils her responsibilities without any bias
Option: 3
Y can adjudicate the case and if the company finds the penalty to be insufficient then they can appeal against it
Read the passage and answer the question that follow.
Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.
It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.
The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.
Question:
X was a renowned cricketer in the 1980s. His son Y is a struggling cricketer who has been trying to get into the national team for many years. In the year 2020, X is appointed as a member of the selection committee. In the match which is supposed to decide the final team of the nation, Y scores a century and Z scores 65 runs. However, Z is selected to represent India and Y is not. Y now appeals against the decision, the main ground being the presence of X in the committee. Decide.
Option: 1
The appeal will stand as Y scored a century yet Z was selected after scoring 65 runs
Option: 2
The appeal will be quashed since X’s presence should have benefitted Y, but it didn’t, hence the rejection of Y is valid
Option: 3
The appeal will stand as X’s presence is a factor of bias
Option: 4
The appeal will be quashed since X was a renowned cricketer
Read the passage and answer the question that follow.
Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.
It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.
The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.
Question:
X is a married judge who is well known for his honesty in the entire city. He has a son Y. One fine day Y gets kidnapped and the kidnapper demands a sum of 20 lakhs from X. However, the kidnapper is caught by the police. X is now appointed as the judge for the hearing of the kidnapper. Decide.
Option: 1
X can be the judge since he can decide the punishment better as he was the sufferer
Option: 2
X cannot be the judge since there is a possibility that he will be biased while delivering the judgement
Option: 3
X can be the judge since he is renowned for his honesty and fulfil his duties
Option: 4
X can be the judge but his statement can be appealed against if delivered with bias
Read the passage and answer the question that follow.
Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.
It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.
The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.
Question:
X and Y have been married for five years. X is a judge and Y is a doctor. X is pretty much unhappy with his married life so he wants to divorce Y. Y refuses to agree to a divorce by mutual consent hence X files a suit against Y. Decide.
Option: 1
X cannot file a suit since he is a judge
Option: 2
X can file a suit against Y in legal capacity but not as a judge
Option: 3
X cannot file a divorce suit against Y since there is no valid ground for divorce
Option: 4
X can proceed with mutual consent but not contested divorce
Read the passage and answer the question that follow.
In the case of M/S Halonex Limited, 59-A Noida vs State of U.P., it was held that “In reply to the aforesaid submission, learned counsel for opposite party no.2 submitted that the case of the applicants that no amount is due from their side to the complainant is a matter of defence which cannot be considered at this stage. It has been submitted that the term 'entrustment' as used in Section 405 IPC has been given a wider interpretation. It has been submitted that the goods returned by the complainant to the Company for replacement or for reimbursement would be deemed to have been entrusted to the Company and as the applicants 2 & 3 were handling its affair they become responsible. To buttress the said submission, the learned counsel for the complainant drew the attention of the Court to a decision of the Apex Court in the case of Ram Narayan Popli Vs. Central Bureau of Investigation: (2003) 3 SCC 641, wherein it was observed that: "the term "entrustment" is not necessarily a term of law. It may have different implications in different contexts. In its most general signification all it imports is the handing over possession for some purpose which may not imply the conferring of any proprietary right at all." Attention was also drawn to an observation made in the judgment of the aforesaid case, where it was observed that: "to establish the charge of criminal breach of trust, the prosecution is not obliged to prove the precise mode of conversion, misappropriation or misapplication by the accused of the property entrusted to him or over which he has dominion. The principal ingredient of the offence being dishonest misappropriation or conversion which may not ordinarily be a matter of direct proof, entrustment of property and failure in breach of an obligation to account for the property entrusted if proved, may, in the light of other circumstances, justifiably lead to an inference of dishonest misappropriation or conversion”.
Question:
X tracks down an expensive necklace on the road. Not knowing to whom it belongs. X sells it promptly to a jeweller without attempting to find the owner or submitting the necklace to the authorities. Decide the liability of X.
Read the passage and answer the question that follow.
In the case of M/S Halonex Limited, 59-A Noida vs State of U.P., it was held that “In reply to the aforesaid submission, learned counsel for opposite party no.2 submitted that the case of the applicants that no amount is due from their side to the complainant is a matter of defence which cannot be considered at this stage. It has been submitted that the term 'entrustment' as used in Section 405 IPC has been given a wider interpretation. It has been submitted that the goods returned by the complainant to the Company for replacement or for reimbursement would be deemed to have been entrusted to the Company and as the applicants 2 & 3 were handling its affair they become responsible. To buttress the said submission, the learned counsel for the complainant drew the attention of the Court to a decision of the Apex Court in the case of Ram Narayan Popli Vs. Central Bureau of Investigation: (2003) 3 SCC 641, wherein it was observed that: "the term "entrustment" is not necessarily a term of law. It may have different implications in different contexts. In its most general signification all it imports is the handing over possession for some purpose which may not imply the conferring of any proprietary right at all." Attention was also drawn to an observation made in the judgment of the aforesaid case, where it was observed that: "to establish the charge of criminal breach of trust, the prosecution is not obliged to prove the precise mode of conversion, misappropriation or misapplication by the accused of the property entrusted to him or over which he has dominion. The principal ingredient of the offence being dishonest misappropriation or conversion which may not ordinarily be a matter of direct proof, entrustment of property and failure in breach of an obligation to account for the property entrusted if proved, may, in the light of other circumstances, justifiably lead to an inference of dishonest misappropriation or conversion”.
Question:
P borrows from L his phone for using it to call his parents. However, when L is distracted, P removes the memory card of the phone and later on sells it. Decide the liability of P.
Option: 1
P is guilty under dishonest misappropriation of property
Option: 2
P is not guilty for any offence since the phone was given with consent
Option: 3
P is guilty for theft
Option: 4
P has been handed over the phone, so he has the right to use it as he likes
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