CLAT 2023 Question Paper with Solutions - Download Answer Key PDF

CLAT 2023 Question Paper with Solutions - Download Answer Key PDF

Edited By Ritika Jonwal | Updated on Nov 04, 2024 06:42 PM IST | #CLAT

Need help cracking the CLAT examination? Read through the CLAT 2023 question paper by the experts for an in-depth, serious law aspirant – essential study material, with answer keys by section and explanations to boot, download it directly from PDF. All five sections analysed: English Language, Current Affairs, Legal Reasoning, Logical Reasoning, and Quantitative Techniques. This entrance examination, held by the Consortium of National Law Universities on 3 December 2023 in 139 centres in the country, remains a basic stepping stone into the 24 premier NLUs. The mastery over past papers enables the exam taker to get in-depth knowledge about the patterns and thus proper time management.

This Story also Contains
  1. CLAT 2023 Question Paper with Answer Key & Detailed Solutions PDF
  2. You may also check the previous year's question paper with detailed solutions:
  3. CLAT Exam Analysis 2023
  4. CLAT Question Paper 2024 Section-wise Analysis
  5. CLAT Question Paper 2023
CLAT 2023 Question Paper with Solutions - Download Answer Key PDF
CLAT 2023 Question Paper with Solutions - Download Answer Key PDF

CLAT 2023 Question Paper with Answer Key & Detailed Solutions PDF

CLAT 2023 Question Paper PDFDownload PDF

You may also check the previous year's question paper with detailed solutions:

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CLAT Exam Analysis 2023

The table given below mentions the CLAT 2023 Exam Analysis emphasizing the difficulty level of questions along with good attempts for cracking the CLAT 2023 Entrance.

Section

No. of Questions

Good Attempts

Difficulty Level

English Language

30 Questions

28-30

Easy

General Knowledge

35 Questions

30-35

Easy to Moderate

Quantitative Aptitude

15 Questions

8-9

Moderate to Difficult

Logical Reasoning

30 Questions

25-27

Moderate to Difficult

Legal Reasoning

40 Questions

32-34

Tough Questions but Easy

Total

150 Questions

110+

Moderate to Difficult

CLAT Question Paper 2024 Section-wise Analysis

As per the CLAT exam pattern, there are a total of 5 sections which occur in the CLAT 2023 exam. The section-wise detailed analysis is given below.

1. English - The English portion was seen as simple. The questions were short, based on literature, and could be answered by the process of elimination. Interestingly, this portion contained no vocabulary questions.

2. General Knowledge - The majority of the questions in the General Knowledge part, which was scored as simple, were based on passages. The majority of the General Knowledge questions dealt with recent occurrences.

3. Quantitative Aptitude - This section was rated easy to moderate level in which the questions were comparatively longer than usual and most questions were observed from the topic Ratio and Proportion.

4. Logical Reasoning - The Logical Reasoning section was easy to moderate in CLAT 2023. This section came as a surprise since the passages were given in brief and the questions mainly targeted towards topics like inference, strength and weakening of the arguments.

5. Legal Reasoning -With brief sections covering subjects like the Juvenile Justice Act, Void and Voidable Marriage, and the Personal Data Protection Bill, Legal Reasoning was regarded as simple. The portion mostly covered current legal knowledge, with one case-based question.

CLAT Question Paper 2023

As per the CLAT syllabus, given below are the section-wise questions with their detailed solutions that have occurred in the CLAT examination in 2023.

Section - English Language

Passage
I grew up in a small town not far from Kalimpong. In pre-liberalization India, everything arrived late: not just material things but also ideas. Magazines old copies of Reader's Digest and National Geographic — arrived late too, after the news had become stale by months or, often, years. This temporal gap turned journalism into literature, news into legend, and historical events into something akin to plotless stories. But like those who knew no other life, we accepted this as the norm. The dearth of reading material in towns and villages in socialist India is hard to imagine, and it produced two categories of people: those who stopped reading after school or college, and those including children; who read anything they could find. I read road signs with the enthusiasm that attaches to reading thrillers. When the iterant kabadiwala, collector of papers, magazines, and rejected things, visited our neighbourhood, I rushed to the house where he was doing business. He bought things at unimaginably low prices from those who stopped having any use for them, and I rummaged through his sacks of old magazines. Sometimes, on days when business was good, he allowed me a couple of copies of Sportsworld magazine for free. I would run home and, ignoring my mother's scolding, plunge right in consuming news about victory in the Benson and Hedges CupTwo takeaways from these experiences have marked my understanding of the provincial reader's life: the sense of belatedness, of everything coming late, and the desire for pleasure in language. Speaking of belatedness, the awareness of having been born at the wrong time in history, of inventing things that had already been discovered elsewhere, far away, without our knowledge or cooperation, is a moment of epiphany and deep sadness. I remember a professor’s choked voice, narrating to me how all the arguments he made in his doctoral dissertation, written over many, many years of hard work (for there indeed was a time when PhDs were written over decades), had suddenly come to nought after her and discovered the work of C.W.E. Bigsby. This I realised as I grew older, was one of the characteristics of provincial life: that they (usually males) were saying trite things with the confidence of someone declaring them for the first time. I, therefore, grew up surrounded by would-be Newtons who claimed to have discovered gravity (again). There's a deep sense of tragedy attending this sort of thing; the sad embarrassment of always arriving after the party is over. And there's a harsh word for that sense of belatedness. What rescues it is the unpredictability of these anachronistic, the randomness and haphazardness involved in mapping connections among thoughts and ideas, in a way that hasn't yet been professionalised. [Extracted, with edits and revisions, from, The Provincial Reader” by Sumana Roy, Los Angeles Review of Books]

Question 1: What use was the kabadiwala (wastepicker) to the author?

(A) The kabadiwala bought up all her magazines.
(B) The kabadiwala stock of books and magazines was of interest to the author.
(C) The kabadiwala was about to steal the author's magazines.
(D) The author ordered books online which the kabadiwala delivered.

Solution: It is evident from the lines of the passage that kabadiwala the waste picker was a gem to the author and his pickups was a gem and the stock was in the best interest of the author. Hence option bis the correct option.

Question 2: What according to the author is essential about the experience of being a provincial reader?
(A) Belatedness in the sense of coming late for everything.
(B) Over-eagerness.
(C) Accepting a temporal gap between what was current in the wider world and the time at which these arrived in the provincial location.
(D) None of the above

Solution: The passage talks about the pre-liberalisation era and the author's situation in that period. it shows the gap in communication and media reach. Accepting a temporal gap between what was current in the wider world and the time at which these arrived in the provincial location. Hence option c is correct.

Question 3:Why did the author feel a sense of epiphany and deep sadness?
(A) Because the things that felt special and unique to the author, were already established and accepted thought in the wider world.
(B) Because the author was less well-read than others.
(C) Because the author missed being in a big city.
(D) All the above

Solution: Speaking of belatedness, the awareness of having been born at the wrong time in the history of inventing things that had already been discovered elsewhere, far away, without our knowledge or cooperation is a moment of epiphany are deep sadness. Hence option A is correct.

Question 4: What does the word anachronistic as used in the passage, mean?
(A) Rooted in a non-urban setting
(B) Related to a mofussil area
(C) Connected with another time
(D) Opposed to prevailing sensibilities

Solution: Anachronistic means connected with another time. hence option c is the correct option here which suits the best to meaning.

Question 5 : Which of the following options captures the meaning of the last sentence best?

(A) Though the author feels provincial, she pretends to be from the metropolis.
(B) Though the author feels dated in her access to intellectual ideas, her lack of metropolitan sophistication lets her engage with the ideas with some originality.
(C) Though the author is aware of the limitedness of her knowledge, she is confident and can hold her own in a crowd. She is also proud of her roots in the small town.
(D) All the above

Solution: Refer to these of the passage " what rescues it is the unpredictability of these anachronistic discoveries. the randomness and haphazardness involved in mapping connections among thoughts and ideas, in a way that hasn't yet been professionalised mapping connections among thoughts and ideas, refer to the sophistication of letting her engage with the ideas with some originality. Hence option b is correct.

Section - Current Affairs including General Knowledge

Passage
Former Governor of a State and National Democratic Alliance (NDA) candidate Droupadi Murmu was elected the 15th President of India, the first tribal woman to be elected to the position and the youngest as well. She was declared elected on Thursday after four rounds of counting, although she had crossed the halfway mark after the third round of counting itself, posting an unassailable lead over her rival and the Opposition;s candidate who conceded the election thereafter. Prime Minister Narendra Modi was the first to greet Ms Murmu at her residence in New Delhi after the third round of counting showed that she had crossed the halfway mark. Ms Murmu hails from the Santhal tribe and was born in the district of Mayurbhanj, coming up the hard way in life, graduating and teaching in Odisha before entering electoral politics at the local body level and later being elected MLA and serving as a Minister in the Biju Janata Dal-BJP coalition government from 2000 to 2004. She remained an MLA till 2009, representing Rairangpur in Odisha, a town that burst into celebrations when her name was announced as a candidate for the post of President of India. She was known to intervene in stopping amendments to the Chota Nagpur Tenancy Act that was being brought in by the BJP government of Raghubar Das, which involved changing land use in tribal areas. [Excerpt taken and edited from Droupadi Murmu elected 15th President of India;, The Hindu]

Question 1:Before Droupadi Murmu, India had only one other female president, Pratibha Patil. When did Patil serve as the President of India?
(A) 2007-2012
(B) 2005-2010
(C) 2012-2017
(D) 2006-2011

Solution - Pratibha Devsingh Patil is an Indian politician and lawyer who served as 12th president; of India from 2007-2012. She was the first female president of India. Hence option a is correct.

Question 2:President Murmu has earlier served as a Governor of which State?
(A) Odisha
(B) Bihar
(C) Jharkhand
(D) West Bengal

Solution: Draupadi Murmu has been serving as the 15th and current president of India since July 2022. Before this, she served as governor of Jharkhand. Hence option c is correct.

Question 3: The first presidential election was held by the Election Commission in which year?
(A) 1952
(B) 1950
(C) 1948
(D) 1949

Solution: The election commission of India held the first Presidential elections of India on 2nd May 1952. Hence option a is correct.

Question 4: The Rashtrapati Bhavan was formerly known as the Viceroy's palace (during colonial times). Where did the Governor General reside before the transfer of the British capital to Delhi in 1911?
(A) Belvedere House
(B) Raisina Palace
(C) Secretariat Building
(D) Writer's Building

Solution - The Rashtrapati Bhavan was formerly known as the Viceroy's palace (during colonial times). Where did the Governor General reside before the transfer of the British capital to Delhi in 1911 to Belvedere estate consists of Belvedere House and 30 acre and the grounds surrounding it. Hence option a is correct.

Question 5: Who among the following was a candidate in the elections for the Vice President of India in 2022?
(A) R . Venkataraman
(B) Yashwant Sinha
(C) M Venkaiah Naidu
(D) Margaret Alva

Solution - Jagdeep Dhankar was sworn in as the 14th vice president of India on 11th August. Hence option d is correct.;

Question6: Voting in an Indian Presidential Election is through:
(A) A first-past-the-post system through a single transferable vote cast in a secret ballot
(B) A proportional representation system through a single transferable vote cast in a secret ballot
(C) A proportional representation system through a single transferable vote cast in an open ballot
(D) A first-past-the-post system through a single transferable vote cast in an open ballot.

Solution: Voting in an Indian Presidential Election is elected indirectly through the electoral college the election happens through a secret ballot. Hence option b is correct.

Section - Legal Reasoning

Passage

Assume that the statements in the passage; are the applicable law. Quashing a case of cruelty that was filed against a man by his wife, the Bombay High Court said that if a married lady is asked to do household work for the family, it cannot be said that she is treated like a maidservant.The Court was hearing an application by the husband and his parents seeking that proceedings against them be quashed. A First Information Report was filed against the trio in September 2020, around nine months after the marriage, alleging that they hounded the woman for money to purchase a car, harassed her mentally and physically and treated her like a maidservant. Examining the evidence, the Court found that there was no merit to the woman’s allegations. The Court said that though the FIR says that she was treated properly for about a month and then like a maidservant, there are no details of what this meant. The Court added If a married lady is asked to do household work for the family, it cannot be said that she is like a maidservant.” The Court held that the mere use of the word harassment mentally and physically in the FIR is not sufficient to constitute an offence Section 498A of the Indian Penal Code which punishes the husband, or a relative of the husband of a woman who subjects her to cruelty in any way. It is interesting to note that Section 498A of the IPC also provides that if a married woman is treated like it would be an offence under that Section.[Extracted, with edits and revisions, from If Wife Is Asked To Do Household Work, Does Not Mean She Is Treated Like Maid: Bombay HC The Wire]

Question 1 : Ashwin and Ashima were married in February 2020. In March 2020, Ashwin asked Ashima to take care of all their household work, such as cooking, cleaning, and other domestic chores, as he was very busy with his professional responsibilities. Ashima claims that this amounts to treating her like a maidservant and constitutes an offence under Section 498A of the IPC. Applying the Bombay High Court decision, is she likely to succeed?
(A) Yes, since Ashwin had only asked Ashima to do their household work, and not for others.
(B) No, since Ashwin had only asked Ashima to do their household work, and not for others.
(C) Yes, since Ashwin had asked Ashima to do household work for themselves as well as others.
(D) No, since treating a married woman like a maidservant would not amount to an offence under that Section.

Solution: No, since Ashwin had only asked Ashima to do their household work, and not for others. As the passage clearly states a woman doing her household chores is not maid-like treatment and in the present situation; Ashwin asked to their household chores and not of others which is valid situation for marital obligations that come together.

Question 2 :In April 2020, Ashwin's friend Rakesh visits Ashwin and Ashima's home, and stays with them for a few days. During his visit, he is very mean to Ashima, and uses abusive language with her. He also threw a plate at her one evening when he was unhappy with the meal that she had prepared. Ashima now claims that Rakesh has committed an offence under Section 498A of the IPC. Is she likely to succeed?
(A) No, since Rakesh actions were perfectly justifiable for a man who does not get a well-cooked meal.
(B) Yes, since Rakesh use of abusive language and throwing the plate at Ashima clearly amount to cruelty.
(C) No, since Rakesh is not her husband, nor is he related to Ashwin.
(D) Yes, since Rakesh was staying at Ashwin and Ashima home at the time of the incident.

Solution- No, since Rakesh is not her husband, nor is he related to Ashwin. As stated in 498 A that the person who is cruelty must be either husabnd or his relative and rakesh is ashwin’s friend and not a relative to him thus no cause of action arises under section 498A.

Question 3:Frustrated and upset with her marriage, Ashima applies for and is granted a divorce from Ashwin in November 2020. Since she and Ashwin had been friends for many years before they got married, she stays in touch with him. She moves into her own apartment and starts going to office regularly at a new job. Ashwin is very upset at this and starts treating Ashima very cruelly. Ashima again claims that Ashwin has committed an offence under Section 498A of the IPC. Is she right?
(A) Yes, since Ashwin has, as we are told, treated her cruelly.
(B) Yes, since Ashwin has been her husband.
(C) No, since Ashwin was understandably upset at Ashima's behaviour.
(D) No, since she is no longer married to Ashwin.

Solution : No, since she is no longer married to Ashwin. As the section 498 A clearly states that the cruelty must be done by husband or/and his relatives , as ashwin and ashima are divorced ashwin is no longer her husband thus section cannot be attracted.

Question 4: Assume that the government passes a new law in January 2021, called the Protection of Rights of Married Women Act, 2021,according to which, asking a married woman to take care of household chores would be an offence. The PoMWA also provides that if a man commits such an offence, he would have to pay compensation to the woman. The PoMWA even applies to actions that were committed any time in the three years prior to the new law coming into force, and even if the man and woman involved in the matter were no longer married. Upon hearing about this new law, Ashima once again alleges that Ashwin has committed an offence under Section 498A of the IPC, and claims compensation under the PoMWA for his actions. Is she right, and will she succeed?
(A) Ashima is right about Ashwin committing an offence under Section 498A of the IPC, but she will not get compensation under the PoMWA.
(B) Ashima will get compensation under the PoMWA, but she is not right about Ashwin committing an offence under Section 498A of the IPC.
(C) Ashima will get compensation under the PoMWA, and she is also right about Ashwin committing an offence under Section 498A of the IPC.
(D) Ashima will neither get compensation under the PoMWA, nor is she right about Ashwin committing an offence under Section 498A of the IPC.

Solution - Ashima will get compensation under the PoMWA, but she is not right about; Ashwin committing an offence under Section 498A of the IPC.The act called the; Protection of Rights of Married Women Act, 2021 says that if the woman is asked to the household chores husband has to pay the compensation to her and this said act is applicable retrospectively by 3 years thus ashima will get compensation 498b A but as the question said that she is doing it again which is not right by ashima. Thus the correct option is B.

Question 5: Assume that in March 2021, the government changes Section 498A of the IPC. The effect of this change is that asking a married woman to do household chores even for their own family by herself would be considered cruelty, and therefore, an offence under the Section. Some days after this change comes into effect, Shamita, Ashima's friend at work, tells her that her husband has been forcing her to do all the household work by herself. Ashima tells Shamita that her husband's actions would amount to an offence under Section 498A of the IPC, even though Ashima herself has been unsuccessful in having Ashwin convicted under that Section in the past. Is Ashima's advice to Shamita correct?
(A) Yes, since Section 498A has now been changed, Shamita's husband's actions would now be an offence under Section 498A.
(B) No, since Ashima has been unsuccessful in having Ashwin convicted under that Section in the past.
(C) Yes, since the passing of the Protection of Married Women Act has resulted in Shamita's husband's actions being made illegal.
(D) No, since Ashima is only Shamita's friend, and only the married woman herself can file a complaint under Section 498A of the IPC

Solution: Yes, since Section 498A has been changed, Shamita's husband's actions would now be an offence under the changed Section 498A.The relevant information provided as per the amendment says that if the woman is asked to the chores of any type she will be compensated and her husband will be booked under section 498 A . Here as Shamita tells that her husband is forcing her to do all the household chores under the amendment Shamita's husband will be booked under the section provided.

You may also check:

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This ebook contains the marks vs rank analysis for CLAT 2025. Also, get to know the expected CLAT 2025 cut-off for various categories in top NLUs.
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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. How many questions were asked in the CLAT UG 2023?

A total of 150 questions were asked in CLAT UG 2023. 

2. What is the total number of candidates who appeared for CLAT 2023?

A total of 51,469 candidates appeared for CLAT 2023. 

3. What was the difficulty level of CLAT 2023?

The difficulty level of CLAT 2023 was moderate to difficult.

4. What are the total number of section present in CLAT 2023?

There are a total of 5 sections that came in the CLAT 2023 exam that is the English Language, Current Affairs including General Knowledge, Logical Reasoning, Legal Reasoning and Quantitative techniques. 

5. Who was the topper of the CLAT 2023 exam?

Abhinav Somani was the topper of CLAT 2023.He scored 116.75 marks. 

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Questions related to CLAT

Have a question related to CLAT ?

Hello Divyanshi,

The valid CLAT 2025 score required for admission to the 5-year BBA LLB program at the Faculty of Law, Delhi University (DU), will depend on the cutoff released after the exam. While DU has not yet officially released specific cutoffs for the program, here are general trends to help guide you:

  1. Category-Based Cutoffs :

    • For General category candidates, a CLAT rank within the top 1,500–2,000 is typically competitive.

    • Reserved categories (SC/ST/OBC) may have higher rank flexibility.

  2. Score Range : A CLAT score of 90–120+ (out of 150) often aligns with these ranks but may vary depending on the difficulty of the exam and the number of applicants.

Keep an eye on DU's Faculty of Law admissions notifications for specific details closer to the counseling process. Regular updates will also be available on CLAT's official website.


For more details, you can check out an article by Careers360 whose link is given below:

Link: https://law.careers360.com/articles/clat-cutoff

I hope this answer helps you. If you have more queries then feel free to share your questions with us we will be happy to assist you.

Thank you and wishing you all the best for your bright future.


These are usually allowed in most formals including law school exams like CLAT. But again, it is advisable to check the dress code released by CLAT authorities.


It is generally formal or more of a conservative dress code for law exams. Third-quarter sleeved kurti can be formal, but avoid wearing a style which is too revealing or casual.


Here are some tips about how to dress appropriately for the CLAT exam:


Comfort: Choose clothes that could make you feel comfortable and help you stay focused during the exam.

Dress modestly. Avoid too revealing or tight clothes.

Go for simple and elegant clothes.

Wear formal footwear. Close-toe shoes or loafers work well.

If the doubts regarding the details of the dress code persist, then it would be advisable to contact the CLAT authority or refer to the official notification to ascertain the new guidelines.









Yes, IPU accepts the CLAT UG score for admission to its BA LLB (Hons.) programme.


Thus, if you have appeared for the CLAT UG exam and have obtained a good score, you can definitely apply for the BA LLB program at IPU.


However, the eligibility criteria for this year and cut-offs may vary. And it is mentioned on the official IPU site or can also be contacted directly with the concerned university.


Note: The admission procedure and criteria of the college may change every year; therefore, refer to the latest information regarding this.

Hello,

1. Check Confirmation Email and Receipt

After submitting your form and payment, confirm you received an email with your application ID and receipt. Also, check spam or junk folders.

2. Log in to CLAT Account

On the official CLAT website, log in and review your application. Look for confirmation of payment status—“Completed” or “Successful” indicates a likely acceptance.

3. Verify Application Status on Dashboard

The dashboard should show your application status. Look for terms like "Successfully Submitted" to confirm everything went through.

4. Review Form Details

Double-check that all form sections are filled correctly, and verify all uploaded documents. Errors here can cause rejection.

5. Contact CLAT Helpdesk

If your form status is unclear, reach out to CLAT’s official helpline for confirmation.

6. Watch for Correction Windows

Stay updated on the CLAT website or email for any form correction windows if needed.

Following these steps should help confirm your form’s acceptance.

Hope it helps !

Nlsiu Banglore is one of the most prestigious and highly ranked college, that make is difficult to secure a seat for many students. To get in to nlsiu in 2025, you must score 95+ marks  to have assurance of seat for general category. For other categories, the score is between 85-90 based on previous trends.

About 25% seats of Nlsiu Banglore are reserved for Karnataka Residents. So ,it makes more competition for other state students to get into ,as one - fourth seats are already reserved.

To get into nlsiu Banglore ,you really need to work very hard, as thousands of students sit for exam, and only few of them are selected, about 50-60 students form general category.

Go through the previous year question papers.

Make a proper time table and strictly follow and

Give as many mock tests before exam as you can give to assure good score in clat 2025.

All the best!


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Passage 1
Read the passage below and answer the following question.
Cheating is considered a criminal offence under the Indian Penal Code. It is done to gain profit or advantage from another person by using some deceitful means. The person who deceives another knows for the fact that it would place the other person in an unfair situation. Cheating as an offence can be made punishable under Section 420 of the IPC. Scope of Section 415 Cheating is defined under Section 415 of the Indian Penal Code as whoever fraudulently or dishonestly deceives a person to induce that person to deliver a property to any person or to consent to retain any property. If a person intentionally induces a person to do or omit to do any act which he would not have done if he was not deceived to do so and the act has caused harm to that person in body, mind, reputation, or property, then the person who fraudulently, dishonestly or intentionally induced the other person is said to cheat. Any dishonest concealment of facts that can deceive a person to do an act that he would not have done otherwise is also cheating within the meaning of this section. Essential Ingredients of Cheating requires · deception of any person. Fraudulently or dishonestly inducing that person to deliver any property to any person or to consent that any person shall retain any property; or · intentionally inducing a person to do or omit to do anything which he would not do or omit if he were not so deceived, and the act or omission causes or is likely to cause damage or harm to that person in body, mind, reputation or property.
Deceit– a tort arising from an untrue or false statement of facts which are made by a person, recklessly or knowingly, with an intention that it shall be acted upon by the other person, who would suffer damages as a result. 
Fraud – a false or untrue representation of the fact, that is made with the knowledge of its falsity or without the belief in its truth or a reckless statement that may or may not be true, with an intention to induce a person or individual to act independent of it with the result that the person acts on it and suffers damages and harm. In other words, it is a wrong act or criminal deception with an intention to result in financial or personal gain.
Question - 1 
D went to a moneylender, Z, for the loan. D intentionally pledges the gold article with Z taking the loan. D knows that the article is not made of gold. After a few days, D leaves the village. Decide.

 

Option: 1 None

Option: 2 None

Option: 3 None

Option: 4 None

Read the passage carefully and answer the question

The Contract should be performed by the promisor himself. However, in certain cases, it can also be performed by his agents or legal representatives. It all depends upon the intention of the parties. Normally a contract can be performed by the following persons. 

  1. Promisor himself: If from the nature of the contract it appears that it was the intention of the parties that the promise should be performed by the promisor himself, such promise must be performed by the promisor. This usually applies to contracts involving personal skill, task, or artwork. 
  2. Promisor or his Agent: Where the contract does not involve the personal skill of the promisor, the contract could be performed by the promisor himself or by any competent person employed by him for the purpose, 
  3. Legal Representatives: The contracts which do not involve any personal skill or taste, may be performed by his legal representative after the death of the promisor.
  4. Third Person: In some cases, a contract may be performed by a third person provided the promisee accepts the arrangement. According to Section 41 of the Indian Contract Act, once the promisee accepts the performance from a third person, he cannot compel the promisor to perform the contract again. 
  5. Performance of Joint Promises: According to section 42 of the Indian Contract Act, when two or more persons have made a joint promise, the joint promisors must fulfill the promise jointly during their lifetime. And if any one of them dies, then his legal representatives and survivors must jointly fulfill the promise. 

Section 43 of the Indian Contract Act further provides that unless a contrary intention appears from the contract, each joint promisor may compel every other joint promisor to contribute equally to the performance of the promise. If any joint promisor makes a default in such contribution, the remaining joint promisors must bear the loss arising from such default in equal shares.

Question:

Aman received a box of chocolates from Basant and promised to pay Rupees 5000. Later on, A becomes bankrupt. Chetan who is a friend of Aman pays rupees 1000 to Besant on behalf of Aman. Aman is not aware of such a transaction. In civil court, insolvency proceedings have started against Aman. Meanwhile, Basant has also applied for a recovery of 5000 rupees. Decide.

Option: 1

Basant is entitled to recover the amount of 5000 from Aman.


Option: 2

Basant is entitled to recover the amount of 4000 from Aman.


Option: 3

Chetan is entitled to recover the amount of 1000 from Basant.


Option: 4

Basant cannot recover any amount from Aman as he has become insolvent.


Read the passage carefully and answer the question

The Contract should be performed by the promisor himself. However, in certain cases, it can also be performed by his agents or legal representatives. It all depends upon the intention of the parties. Normally a contract can be performed by the following persons. 

  1. Promisor himself: If from the nature of the contract it appears that it was the intention of the parties that the promise should be performed by the promisor himself, such promise must be performed by the promisor. This usually applies to contracts involving personal skill, task, or artwork. 
  2. Promisor or his Agent: Where the contract does not involve the personal skill of the promisor, the contract could be performed by the promisor himself or by any competent person employed by him for the purpose, 
  3. Legal Representatives: The contracts which do not involve any personal skill or taste, may be performed by his legal representative after the death of the promisor.
  4. Third Person: In some cases, a contract may be performed by a third person provided the promisee accepts the arrangement. According to Section 41 of the Indian Contract Act, once the promisee accepts the performance from a third person, he cannot compel the promisor to perform the contract again. 
  5. Performance of Joint Promises: According to section 42 of the Indian Contract Act, when two or more persons have made a joint promise, the joint promisors must fulfill the promise jointly during their lifetime. And if any one of them dies, then his legal representatives and survivors must jointly fulfill the promise. 

Section 43 of the Indian Contract Act further provides that unless a contrary intention appears from the contract, each joint promisor may compel every other joint promisor to contribute equally to the performance of the promise. If any joint promisor makes a default in such contribution, the remaining joint promisors must bear the loss arising from such default in equal shares.

Question:

K promises to paint a picture for L on a certain day, at a certain price. K dies before the day of the contract. Decide. 

Option: 1

The contract can be enforced by K’s representative 


Option: 2

The contract can be enforced by L


Option: 3

The contract can be enforced either by K’s representation or by L 


Option: 4

The contract cannot be enforced either by K’s representative, or L


Read the passage carefully and answer the question

The Contract should be performed by the promisor himself. However, in certain cases, it can also be performed by his agents or legal representatives. It all depends upon the intention of the parties. Normally a contract can be performed by the following persons. 

  1. Promisor himself: If from the nature of the contract it appears that it was the intention of the parties that the promise should be performed by the promisor himself, such promise must be performed by the promisor. This usually applies to contracts involving personal skill, task, or artwork. 
  2. Promisor or his Agent: Where the contract does not involve the personal skill of the promisor, the contract could be performed by the promisor himself or by any competent person employed by him for the purpose, 
  3. Legal Representatives: The contracts which do not involve any personal skill or taste, may be performed by his legal representative after the death of the promisor.
  4. Third Person: In some cases, a contract may be performed by a third person provided the promisee accepts the arrangement. According to Section 41 of the Indian Contract Act, once the promisee accepts the performance from a third person, he cannot compel the promisor to perform the contract again. 
  5. Performance of Joint Promises: According to section 42 of the Indian Contract Act, when two or more persons have made a joint promise, the joint promisors must fulfill the promise jointly during their lifetime. And if any one of them dies, then his legal representatives and survivors must jointly fulfill the promise. 

Section 43 of the Indian Contract Act further provides that unless a contrary intention appears from the contract, each joint promisor may compel every other joint promisor to contribute equally to the performance of the promise. If any joint promisor makes a default in such contribution, the remaining joint promisors must bear the loss arising from such default in equal shares.

Question:

Rohan has agreed to manage the catering services during the marriage of Sohan’s son Ramu. On the day of marriage, Rohan felt ill and sent his manager to the management of catering services. Ramu happily gets married to Tina and people appreciated the food and decoration of the event. When Rohan asked Sohan for the remaining amount, he denied it because Rohan himself had not managed so it is a breach. Decide.

 

Option: 1

Rohan is not entitled to get the remaining amount due to a breach of contract.


Option: 2

Rohan is entitled to sue Sohan for the remaining amount.


Option: 3

Rohan is entitled to sue Ramu because it was his marriage.


Option: 4

Instead of Rohan, his manager can only sue Sohan for the breach.


Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.

It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.

The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.

Question:

X is a student of a college and his father Y is a professor in the same college. In one instance, X is caught to be involved in unparliamentary activities inside the college campus. The enquiry committee is set up and Y is appointed as the head of the committee. Decide.

Option: 1

Y is a professor of the same college hence he can become a member of the enquiry committee


Option: 2

Y is X’s father hence he should not be a part of the enquiry committee


Option: 3

Y can be a part of the enquiry committee but cannot be its head


Option: 4

There is no rule that prevents the appointment of Y until he fulfils his function diligently


Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.

It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.

The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.

Question:

Mr X is an employee of a corporate office. His wife Y is a judge. In one instance, X is found to be involved in a money laundering case at his office. The office now files a suit and Y is appointed as the judge for this case. Decide.

Option: 1

Y is a judge by herself, hence can be appointed to adjudicate this case


Option: 2

Y is can be appointed as a judge only if she fulfils her responsibilities without any bias


Option: 3

Y can adjudicate the case and if the company finds the penalty to be insufficient then they can appeal against it


Option: 4

Y cannot be the judge in this case ab initio


Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.

It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.

The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.

Question:

X was a renowned cricketer in the 1980s. His son Y is a struggling cricketer who has been trying to get into the national team for many years. In the year 2020, X is appointed as a member of the selection committee. In the match which is supposed to decide the final team of the nation, Y scores a century and Z scores 65 runs. However, Z is selected to represent India and Y is not. Y now appeals against the decision, the main ground being the presence of X in the committee. Decide.

Option: 1

The appeal will stand as Y scored a century yet Z was selected after scoring 65 runs


Option: 2

The appeal will be quashed since X’s presence should have benefitted Y, but it didn’t, hence the rejection of Y is valid


Option: 3

The appeal will stand as X’s presence is a factor of bias


Option: 4

The appeal will be quashed since X was a renowned cricketer


Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.

It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.

The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.

Question:

X is a married judge who is well known for his honesty in the entire city. He has a son Y. One fine day Y gets kidnapped and the kidnapper demands a sum of 20 lakhs from X. However, the kidnapper is caught by the police. X is now appointed as the judge for the hearing of the kidnapper. Decide.

Option: 1

X can be the judge since he can decide the punishment better as he was the sufferer


Option: 2

X cannot be the judge since there is a possibility that he will be biased while delivering the judgement


Option: 3

X can be the judge since he is renowned for his honesty and fulfil his duties


Option: 4

X can be the judge but his statement can be appealed against if delivered with bias


Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.

It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.

The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.

Question:

X and Y have been married for five years. X is a judge and Y is a doctor. X is pretty much unhappy with his married life so he wants to divorce Y. Y refuses to agree to a divorce by mutual consent hence X files a suit against Y. Decide.

Option: 1

X cannot file a suit since he is a judge


Option: 2

X can file a suit against Y in legal capacity but not as a judge


Option: 3

X cannot file a divorce suit against Y since there is no valid ground for divorce


Option: 4

X can proceed with mutual consent but not contested divorce


Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

In the case of M/S Halonex Limited, 59-A Noida vs State of U.P., it was held that “In reply to the aforesaid submission, learned counsel for opposite party no.2 submitted that the case of the applicants that no amount is due from their side to the complainant is a matter of defence which cannot be considered at this stage. It has been submitted that the term 'entrustment' as used in Section 405 IPC has been given a wider interpretation. It has been submitted that the goods returned by the complainant to the Company for replacement or for reimbursement would be deemed to have been entrusted to the Company and as the applicants 2 & 3 were handling its affair they become responsible. To buttress the said submission, the learned counsel for the complainant drew the attention of the Court to a decision of the Apex Court in the case of Ram Narayan Popli Vs. Central Bureau of Investigation: (2003) 3 SCC 641, wherein it was observed that: "the term "entrustment" is not necessarily a term of law. It may have different implications in different contexts. In its most general signification all it imports is the handing over possession for some purpose which may not imply the conferring of any proprietary right at all." Attention was also drawn to an observation made in the judgment of the aforesaid case, where it was observed that: "to establish the charge of criminal breach of trust, the prosecution is not obliged to prove the precise mode of conversion, misappropriation or misapplication by the accused of the property entrusted to him or over which he has dominion. The principal ingredient of the offence being dishonest misappropriation or conversion which may not ordinarily be a matter of direct proof, entrustment of property and failure in breach of an obligation to account for the property entrusted if proved, may, in the light of other circumstances, justifiably lead to an inference of dishonest misappropriation or conversion”.

Question:

X tracks down an expensive necklace on the road. Not knowing to whom it belongs. X sells it promptly to a jeweller without attempting to find the owner or submitting the necklace to the authorities. Decide the liability of X.

Option: 1

Extortion


Option: 2

Criminal breach of trust


Option: 3

Theft


Option: 4

Criminal misappropriation of Property


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A lawyer's job requires inhibiting skills. It involves practical applications of abstract legal theories and knowledge to solve specialised individual problems or to facilitate the interests of those who hire a lawyer to perform legal services. Here, in this article, we will discuss how to become a lawyer after 10th, is lawyer a good career in India, and how to become a lawyer in India.

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