The Consortium of National Law Universities (CNLUs) has opened the CLAT 2026 application form today, August 1, 2025. Interested candidates can apply for CLAT 2026 by visiting the official website: consortiumofnlus.ac.in before the CLAT 2026 registration last date. The direct link of the application is given below. The official website for CLAT 2026 is consortiumofnlus.ac.in/clat-2026. The CLAT registration 2026 window is open for a period of 3 months. The deadline to complete the CLAT 2026 registration is October 31, 2025. Candidates must pay CLAT 2026 registration fees of Rs. 4,000 for the general category and Rs. 3,500 for SC/ST candidates to complete the CLAT form. There is a notable change in CLAT 2026 registration, that candidates will have to fill in their NLU preferences after the declaration of the CLAT 2026 result. Earlier, the consortium published a detailed notification regarding the CLAT 2026 registration on its website. In this article, candidates will get all details about the application process, CLAT exam fees, correction window, last date to apply and how to apply for CLAT 2026 and more.
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CLAT 2026 Application Form Dates
Video - CLAT 2026 Complete Guide: Top NLUs, Application Date, Exam Pattern, Syllabus & Free Mock Test
CLAT Eligibility Criteria 2026
Steps to fill CLAT 2026 Application Form
How to apply for CLAT 2026?
Filling out the detailed CLAT 2026 application form
Video - CLAT 2026 Complete Guide: Top NLUs, Application Date, Exam Pattern, Syllabus & Free Mock Test
CLAT Eligibility Criteria 2026
The Consortium of NLUs will prescribe the CLAT 2026 eligibility criteria on its official website. The CLAT 2026 eligibility criteria include the minimum educational qualification, minimum passing marks, and age limit. The detailed CLAT eligibility criteria 2026 are mentioned in the table below.
CLAT 2026 Eligibility Criteria
Particulars
Details
CLAT UG 2026 Eligibility Criteria
There is no upper age limit for candidates appearing for CLAT UG 2026.
Passed Class 12 with at least 45% marks or 40% marks or equivalent in the case of SC/ ST/ PwD categories.
Candidates appearing for Class 12 exams are also eligible to apply and they are required to produce evidence of their passing the qualifying exam at the time of admission.
CLAT PG 2026 Eligibility Criteria
Passed LLB (3-year LLB or 5-year LLB) with at least 50% marks or its equivalent grade in case of candidates belonging to General/OBC/NRI categories (45% in the case of SC/ ST/ PwD candidates).
Candidates appearing for final year graduation exams can also apply.
There is no upper age limit for appearing for the CLAT PG 2026.
CLAT Application Form 2026 - Documents Required
Passport size recent photograph with plain background
Signature of the candidate
Category certificate if you are applying under SC/ST/OBC
PWD certificate if applicable
BPL certificate if applicable
UPES Integrated LLB Admissions 2026
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The CLAT application form-filling process is done completely online through the official website of the Consortium of NLUs - consortiumofnlus.ac.in. The CLAT 2026 application process will involve steps such as registration, uploading of relevant documents, detailed application form filling and application fee payment. Candidates must fill out the form before the CLAT 2026 application form last date. The step-by-step process to complete CLAT 2026 registration has been mentioned in the section below.
How to apply for CLAT 2026?
Filling out the CLAT 2026 application form consists of the steps mentioned below:
CLAT 2026 Registration
Filling out the detailed application form
Uploading documents
CLAT Registration Fee Payment
Submission of the application form
CLAT Sample Paper 2026 with Answer Key- Careers360
Download the CLAT Sample Paper 2026 PDF featuring the latest exam pattern with descriptive-type questions for effective preparation.
To complete the initial registration, the first step is to submit the CLAT application form 2026. The CLAT 2026 registration can be completed by following the steps:
Log on to the official website of CLAT: consortiumofnlus.ac.in.
Click on the CLAT 2026 link on the homepage.
Next, click on the “New Registration” tab.
Enter CLAT 2026 registration details like your contact number, email address, password and other details.
Enter the One Time Password (OTP) received on your mobile number and password to activate your CLAT account.
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Filling out the detailed CLAT 2026 application form
Once the CLAT 2026 registration is completed, candidates will have to fill out the detailed application form. The detailed CLAT 2026 application form has been divided into five sections: personal information, communication details, qualifying examination details, test centre preferences, and reservation. The details to be filled in each section have been given below:
Personal Information
Candidates will have to upload a recent passport-size photograph in the given specifications.
Enter the required personal details like name, date of birth, gender, parents’ names, nationality, residential status and NRI status (if applicable).
Click on the “Next” button after entering all the details.
Communication Details
In this section, candidates must provide their permanent address and communication address details, email ID and phone number. Candidates must note that the entire admission and CLAT counselling process is conducted in online mode.
Educational Details
While filling this section of the CLAT 2026 application form, the candidate has to enter details about their educational qualification which include (Class 10, Class 12 for UG, LLB for LLM), name of the board or university, passing status, percentage/ CGPA, month and year of passing the exam.
Test Centre Preferences
In the test centre preferences section, candidates will have to enter three CLAT exam centres in the order of their preference. Candidates will be allotted their exam centres based on their preference and the availability of seats at the exam centre. CLAT 2026 will be conducted at around 89 cities in India. The list of CLAT 2026 exam centres is given below:
In this step, candidates have to submit the CLAT 2026 application form and upload the necessary documents. Candidates are required to upload their recent passport-size photographs in plain background and a scanned copy of the candidate's signature in the prescribed format. Candidates from the reserved category will have to upload their category certificate to avail the benefit of reservation.
Application Fee Payment
After uploading the documents, the next step in the application process is to pay the prescribed CLAT registration fees. The CLAT 2026 application fee must be paid in online mode only. The application fee for CLAT 2026 is non-refundable. Given below are the fee details for CLAT 2026.
CLAT 2026 Application Form Fee
Category
CLAT Form Fees
Mode of payment
General/ OBC/ NRI category candidates
Rs. 4,000
Online:
Net Banking
Credit Card
Debit Card
SC/ ST/ BPL/ PWD category candidates
Rs. 3,500
Submission of the CLAT 2026 Application Form
The last step in the CLAT 2026 application form process is to review all the filled in details and submit the application. Candidates will have to make sure that all the details are correctly filled in. No changes will be allowed in the chosen programme and reservation details filled in the CLAT application form 2026. Once all the details have been rechecked, candidates can click on the “Submit” button to complete the application process.
CLAT 2026 Application Correction Window
The Consortium of NLUs will open the CLAT 2026 application form correction window on its official website- consortiumofnlus.ac.in. Candidates will be able to make the corrections to the CLAT application form 2026 through the official website by logging into their CLAT account. However, the correction window is the only way to make modifications to the CLAT application form.
Steps to Make Corrections in CLAT Application Form 2026
Visit the official website - consortiumofnlus.ac.in
Click on the CLAT 2026 application correction link
Login with the registered mobile number and password
Click on the Edit Application option
Make the desired changes
Submit the corrections
CLAT 2026 Registration for NRI/ NRI Sponsored Category
Given below are a few points on CLAT registration 2026 for candidates applying under the NRI/NRI sponsored category.
Candidates must be an NRI/PIO/OCI to be eligible under the NRI category
Such candidates must select the NRI category while filling out the CLAT 2026 application form
To be eligible under NRI sponsored category, it is not mandatory that the candidate must be an NRI. Candidates whose legal guardian is an NRI, the son/daughter of an NRI/PIO/OCI, or a candidate sponsored by an NRI/PIO/OCI can apply under this category.
Candidates must appear and obtain a valid score in CLAT 2026. However, such candidates must separately apply to the participating NLU in which they wish to seek admission.
Important Points for CLAT 2026 Registration
Some of the important points to remember when filling up the CLAT 2026 application form are mentioned below:
Complete CLAT 2026 registration in online mode only through the CNLUs website.
The mobile number and email ID used during CLAT registration must be preserved till the end of the admission process.
The NLU preferences are not required to be provided at the time of submitting the CLAT 2026 application form. Candidates will be allowed to provide their preferences after the declaration of the result.
All the particulars furnished in the CLAT application form 2026 must be correct and true otherwise it may lead to the disqualification of the candidate.
Candidates can recover the CLAT 2026 login password by using the "Forgot password" option. Upon using it, candidates would be sent an OTP to reset the password on their registered mobile number. With the help of the OTP candidates would be able to set a new password and access their CLAT 2026 account.
CLAT Registration Statistics: Over 6 Years
Particulars
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
2020
CLAT Registration
Number of candidates registered for CLAT UG: 62,832
Number of candidates appeared for CLAT UG: 60,544
Number of candidates registered for CLAT PG: 16,082
Number of candidates appeared for CLAT PG: 14,817
Number of candidates registered for CLAT UG: 54,808
Number of candidates appeared for CLAT UG: 53,180
Number of candidates registered for CLAT PG: 12,782
Number of candidates appeared for CLAT PG: 12,005
Number of candidates registered for CLAT UG: 44,763
Number of candidates appeared for CLAT UG: 42,766
Number of candidates registered for CLAT PG: 9,490
Number of candidates appeared for CLAT PG: 8,703
Number of candidates appeared for CLAT UG: 53,226
Number of candidates appeared for CLAT PG: 6,217
Number of candidates appeared for CLAT UG: 53,532
Number of candidates appeared for CLAT PG: 8,574
Number of candidates appeared for CLAT UG: 53,226
Number of candidates appeared for CLAT PG: 6,217
CLAT 2026 Reservation Details
The NLUs offer domicile reservations for the candidates. Under domicile reservation as per the CLAT 2026 reservation criteria, candidates from the state where the NLU is located are given special reservations in seats. Candidates to claim this reservation will have to upload their domicile certificate in PDF form. The reservation details for all NLUs have been given below:
NLUs offering domicile reservation
NLUs
Domicile %
NLSIU Bengaluru
25%
NALSAR Hyderabad
25%
WBNUJS Kolkata
33%
NLIU Bhopal
50%
NLU Jodhpur
25%
HNLU Raipur
50%
GNLU Gandhinagar
25%
GNLU Silvassa Campus
25%
RMLNLU Lucknow
45%
RGNUL Patiala
10%
CNLU Patna
50%
NUALS Kochi
49%
NLUO, Odisha, Cuttack
25%
NUSRL Ranchi
50%
NLUJA Assam, Guwahati
50%
DSNLU Visakhapatnam
48%
TNNLU Tiruchirappalli
48%
MNLU Mumbai
62%
MNLU Nagpur
62%
MNLU Aurangabad
62%
HPNLU Shimla
25%
DNLU Jabalpur
50%
DBRANLU, Sonipat, Haryana
25%
NLUT Agartala
30%
CLAT Registration 2026 Helpdesk
In case of any doubts or issues regarding filling up the CLAT 2026 application form, candidates can contact the NLU consortium through the official helpline as mentioned below.
CLAT Helpdesk Details
Particulars
Details
Email id
clat@consortiumofnlus.ac.in
Contact number
08047162020 (10:00 am to 05:00 pm on all working days)
CLAT Admit Card 2026
Candidates who will complete the CLAT registration 2026 will be able to download their admit cards in due time. The CLAT 2026 admit card will be released tentatively in the third week of November 2025. Students must note that the CLAT admit card 2026 is a mandatory document that needs to be carried on the day of the exam to get entry inside the examination hall. Students can download their CLAT admit card by logging in to the candidate portal with valid credentials.
Through the Common Law Admission Test (CLAT), a total of 24 National Law Universities (NLUs) and some affiliated colleges across India offer admission to undergraduate and postgraduate law programmes.
The CLAT 2026 application form has been opened on August 1, 2025. The deadline to submit the CLAT 2026 application form is October 31, 2025.
Q: What will be the fee of CLAT 2026?
A:
The CLAT 2026 application fee for General / OBC / PWD/ NRI / PIO / OCI candidates will be Rs 4,000. SC / ST / BPL candidates will have to pay a registration fee of Rs 3,500.
Q: When will CLAT 2026 be conducted?
A:
CLAT 2026 will be conducted on December 7, 2025 in offline mode.
While NLUs are costly, you can still pursue government-funded law education through state-funded universities and their affiliated colleges that accept CLAT scores, such as institutes like Banaras Hindu University and Aligarh Muslim University.
It is always better to take the CLAT exam right after Class 12 if your goal is to build a career in law, because CLAT UG is specifically designed for admission into integrated five-year law programs like BA LLB, BCom LLB, or BBA LLB. Appearing after Class 12 saves you time, as you complete both graduation and law together in a single course. On the other hand, if you first complete graduation and then plan for law, you will not be eligible for CLAT UG but instead for CLAT PG, which is meant for admission into LLM programs. This path takes longer, because you first spend three or four years on graduation and then add another three years in an LLB program if you choose not to go for an integrated course. So, if you are already sure about pursuing law as your career, writing CLAT right after Class 12 is the smarter and time-saving option, while writing it after graduation makes sense only if you are considering higher studies in law or a shift in career later.
For CLAT, the most important topics are from Legal Reasoning, Current Affairs & GK, the Indian Constitution, English Language, Quantitative Techniques and Logical Reasoning. For a brief detail you can go through the following link:
https://law.careers360.com/articles/clat-important-topics
Read the passage carefully and answer the question
The Contract should be performed by the promisor himself. However, in certain cases, it can also be performed by his agents or legal representatives. It all depends upon the intention of the parties. Normally a contract can be performed by the following persons.
Promisor himself: If from the nature of the contract it appears that it was the intention of the parties that the promise should be performed by the promisor himself, such promise must be performed by the promisor. This usually applies to contracts involving personal skill, task, or artwork.
Promisor or his Agent: Where the contract does not involve the personal skill of the promisor, the contract could be performed by the promisor himself or by any competent person employed by him for the purpose,
Legal Representatives: The contracts which do not involve any personal skill or taste, may be performed by his legal representative after the death of the promisor.
Third Person: In some cases, a contract may be performed by a third person provided the promisee accepts the arrangement. According to Section 41 of the Indian Contract Act, once the promisee accepts the performance from a third person, he cannot compel the promisor to perform the contract again.
Performance of Joint Promises: According to section 42 of the Indian Contract Act, when two or more persons have made a joint promise, the joint promisors must fulfill the promise jointly during their lifetime. And if any one of them dies, then his legal representatives and survivors must jointly fulfill the promise.
Section 43 of the Indian Contract Act further provides that unless a contrary intention appears from the contract, each joint promisor may compel every other joint promisor to contribute equally to the performance of the promise. If any joint promisor makes a default in such contribution, the remaining joint promisors must bear the loss arising from such default in equal shares.
Question:
Aman received a box of chocolates from Basant and promised to pay Rupees 5000. Later on, A becomes bankrupt. Chetan who is a friend of Aman pays rupees 1000 to Besant on behalf of Aman. Aman is not aware of such a transaction. In civil court, insolvency proceedings have started against Aman. Meanwhile, Basant has also applied for a recovery of 5000 rupees. Decide.
Option: 1
Basant is entitled to recover the amount of 5000 from Aman.
Option: 2
Basant is entitled to recover the amount of 4000 from Aman.
Option: 3
Chetan is entitled to recover the amount of 1000 from Basant.
Option: 4
Basant cannot recover any amount from Aman as he has become insolvent.
Read the passage carefully and answer the question
The Contract should be performed by the promisor himself. However, in certain cases, it can also be performed by his agents or legal representatives. It all depends upon the intention of the parties. Normally a contract can be performed by the following persons.
Promisor himself: If from the nature of the contract it appears that it was the intention of the parties that the promise should be performed by the promisor himself, such promise must be performed by the promisor. This usually applies to contracts involving personal skill, task, or artwork.
Promisor or his Agent: Where the contract does not involve the personal skill of the promisor, the contract could be performed by the promisor himself or by any competent person employed by him for the purpose,
Legal Representatives: The contracts which do not involve any personal skill or taste, may be performed by his legal representative after the death of the promisor.
Third Person: In some cases, a contract may be performed by a third person provided the promisee accepts the arrangement. According to Section 41 of the Indian Contract Act, once the promisee accepts the performance from a third person, he cannot compel the promisor to perform the contract again.
Performance of Joint Promises: According to section 42 of the Indian Contract Act, when two or more persons have made a joint promise, the joint promisors must fulfill the promise jointly during their lifetime. And if any one of them dies, then his legal representatives and survivors must jointly fulfill the promise.
Section 43 of the Indian Contract Act further provides that unless a contrary intention appears from the contract, each joint promisor may compel every other joint promisor to contribute equally to the performance of the promise. If any joint promisor makes a default in such contribution, the remaining joint promisors must bear the loss arising from such default in equal shares.
Question:
K promises to paint a picture for L on a certain day, at a certain price. K dies before the day of the contract. Decide.
Option: 1
The contract can be enforced by K’s representative
Option: 2
The contract can be enforced by L
Option: 3
The contract can be enforced either by K’s representation or by L
Option: 4
The contract cannot be enforced either by K’s representative, or L
Read the passage carefully and answer the question
The Contract should be performed by the promisor himself. However, in certain cases, it can also be performed by his agents or legal representatives. It all depends upon the intention of the parties. Normally a contract can be performed by the following persons.
Promisor himself: If from the nature of the contract it appears that it was the intention of the parties that the promise should be performed by the promisor himself, such promise must be performed by the promisor. This usually applies to contracts involving personal skill, task, or artwork.
Promisor or his Agent: Where the contract does not involve the personal skill of the promisor, the contract could be performed by the promisor himself or by any competent person employed by him for the purpose,
Legal Representatives: The contracts which do not involve any personal skill or taste, may be performed by his legal representative after the death of the promisor.
Third Person: In some cases, a contract may be performed by a third person provided the promisee accepts the arrangement. According to Section 41 of the Indian Contract Act, once the promisee accepts the performance from a third person, he cannot compel the promisor to perform the contract again.
Performance of Joint Promises: According to section 42 of the Indian Contract Act, when two or more persons have made a joint promise, the joint promisors must fulfill the promise jointly during their lifetime. And if any one of them dies, then his legal representatives and survivors must jointly fulfill the promise.
Section 43 of the Indian Contract Act further provides that unless a contrary intention appears from the contract, each joint promisor may compel every other joint promisor to contribute equally to the performance of the promise. If any joint promisor makes a default in such contribution, the remaining joint promisors must bear the loss arising from such default in equal shares.
Question:
Rohan has agreed to manage the catering services during the marriage of Sohan’s son Ramu. On the day of marriage, Rohan felt ill and sent his manager to the management of catering services. Ramu happily gets married to Tina and people appreciated the food and decoration of the event. When Rohan asked Sohan for the remaining amount, he denied it because Rohan himself had not managed so it is a breach. Decide.
Option: 1
Rohan is not entitled to get the remaining amount due to a breach of contract.
Option: 2
Rohan is entitled to sue Sohan for the remaining amount.
Option: 3
Rohan is entitled to sue Ramu because it was his marriage.
Option: 4
Instead of Rohan, his manager can only sue Sohan for the breach.
Read the passage and answer the question that follow.
Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.
It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.
The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.
Question:
X is a student of a college and his father Y is a professor in the same college. In one instance, X is caught to be involved in unparliamentary activities inside the college campus. The enquiry committee is set up and Y is appointed as the head of the committee. Decide.
Option: 1
Y is a professor of the same college hence he can become a member of the enquiry committee
Option: 2
Y is X’s father hence he should not be a part of the enquiry committee
Option: 3
Y can be a part of the enquiry committee but cannot be its head
Option: 4
There is no rule that prevents the appointment of Y until he fulfils his function diligently
Read the passage and answer the question that follow.
Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.
It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.
The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.
Question:
Mr X is an employee of a corporate office. His wife Y is a judge. In one instance, X is found to be involved in a money laundering case at his office. The office now files a suit and Y is appointed as the judge for this case. Decide.
Option: 1
Y is a judge by herself, hence can be appointed to adjudicate this case
Option: 2
Y is can be appointed as a judge only if she fulfils her responsibilities without any bias
Option: 3
Y can adjudicate the case and if the company finds the penalty to be insufficient then they can appeal against it
Read the passage and answer the question that follow.
Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.
It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.
The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.
Question:
X was a renowned cricketer in the 1980s. His son Y is a struggling cricketer who has been trying to get into the national team for many years. In the year 2020, X is appointed as a member of the selection committee. In the match which is supposed to decide the final team of the nation, Y scores a century and Z scores 65 runs. However, Z is selected to represent India and Y is not. Y now appeals against the decision, the main ground being the presence of X in the committee. Decide.
Option: 1
The appeal will stand as Y scored a century yet Z was selected after scoring 65 runs
Option: 2
The appeal will be quashed since X’s presence should have benefitted Y, but it didn’t, hence the rejection of Y is valid
Option: 3
The appeal will stand as X’s presence is a factor of bias
Option: 4
The appeal will be quashed since X was a renowned cricketer
Read the passage and answer the question that follow.
Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.
It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.
The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.
Question:
X is a married judge who is well known for his honesty in the entire city. He has a son Y. One fine day Y gets kidnapped and the kidnapper demands a sum of 20 lakhs from X. However, the kidnapper is caught by the police. X is now appointed as the judge for the hearing of the kidnapper. Decide.
Option: 1
X can be the judge since he can decide the punishment better as he was the sufferer
Option: 2
X cannot be the judge since there is a possibility that he will be biased while delivering the judgement
Option: 3
X can be the judge since he is renowned for his honesty and fulfil his duties
Option: 4
X can be the judge but his statement can be appealed against if delivered with bias
Read the passage and answer the question that follow.
Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.
It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.
The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.
Question:
X and Y have been married for five years. X is a judge and Y is a doctor. X is pretty much unhappy with his married life so he wants to divorce Y. Y refuses to agree to a divorce by mutual consent hence X files a suit against Y. Decide.
Option: 1
X cannot file a suit since he is a judge
Option: 2
X can file a suit against Y in legal capacity but not as a judge
Option: 3
X cannot file a divorce suit against Y since there is no valid ground for divorce
Option: 4
X can proceed with mutual consent but not contested divorce
Read the passage and answer the question that follow.
In the case of M/S Halonex Limited, 59-A Noida vs State of U.P., it was held that “In reply to the aforesaid submission, learned counsel for opposite party no.2 submitted that the case of the applicants that no amount is due from their side to the complainant is a matter of defence which cannot be considered at this stage. It has been submitted that the term 'entrustment' as used in Section 405 IPC has been given a wider interpretation. It has been submitted that the goods returned by the complainant to the Company for replacement or for reimbursement would be deemed to have been entrusted to the Company and as the applicants 2 & 3 were handling its affair they become responsible. To buttress the said submission, the learned counsel for the complainant drew the attention of the Court to a decision of the Apex Court in the case of Ram Narayan Popli Vs. Central Bureau of Investigation: (2003) 3 SCC 641, wherein it was observed that: "the term "entrustment" is not necessarily a term of law. It may have different implications in different contexts. In its most general signification all it imports is the handing over possession for some purpose which may not imply the conferring of any proprietary right at all." Attention was also drawn to an observation made in the judgment of the aforesaid case, where it was observed that: "to establish the charge of criminal breach of trust, the prosecution is not obliged to prove the precise mode of conversion, misappropriation or misapplication by the accused of the property entrusted to him or over which he has dominion. The principal ingredient of the offence being dishonest misappropriation or conversion which may not ordinarily be a matter of direct proof, entrustment of property and failure in breach of an obligation to account for the property entrusted if proved, may, in the light of other circumstances, justifiably lead to an inference of dishonest misappropriation or conversion”.
Question:
X tracks down an expensive necklace on the road. Not knowing to whom it belongs. X sells it promptly to a jeweller without attempting to find the owner or submitting the necklace to the authorities. Decide the liability of X.
Read the passage and answer the question that follow.
In the case of M/S Halonex Limited, 59-A Noida vs State of U.P., it was held that “In reply to the aforesaid submission, learned counsel for opposite party no.2 submitted that the case of the applicants that no amount is due from their side to the complainant is a matter of defence which cannot be considered at this stage. It has been submitted that the term 'entrustment' as used in Section 405 IPC has been given a wider interpretation. It has been submitted that the goods returned by the complainant to the Company for replacement or for reimbursement would be deemed to have been entrusted to the Company and as the applicants 2 & 3 were handling its affair they become responsible. To buttress the said submission, the learned counsel for the complainant drew the attention of the Court to a decision of the Apex Court in the case of Ram Narayan Popli Vs. Central Bureau of Investigation: (2003) 3 SCC 641, wherein it was observed that: "the term "entrustment" is not necessarily a term of law. It may have different implications in different contexts. In its most general signification all it imports is the handing over possession for some purpose which may not imply the conferring of any proprietary right at all." Attention was also drawn to an observation made in the judgment of the aforesaid case, where it was observed that: "to establish the charge of criminal breach of trust, the prosecution is not obliged to prove the precise mode of conversion, misappropriation or misapplication by the accused of the property entrusted to him or over which he has dominion. The principal ingredient of the offence being dishonest misappropriation or conversion which may not ordinarily be a matter of direct proof, entrustment of property and failure in breach of an obligation to account for the property entrusted if proved, may, in the light of other circumstances, justifiably lead to an inference of dishonest misappropriation or conversion”.
Question:
P borrows from L his phone for using it to call his parents. However, when L is distracted, P removes the memory card of the phone and later on sells it. Decide the liability of P.
Option: 1
P is guilty under dishonest misappropriation of property
Option: 2
P is not guilty for any offence since the phone was given with consent
Option: 3
P is guilty for theft
Option: 4
P has been handed over the phone, so he has the right to use it as he likes
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A civil lawyer handles non-criminal legal disputes like family, property, and contract issues. They represent clients in court, draft documents, and advise on legal rights. To practice in India, one needs an LLB degree and Bar Council enrollment. Civil lawyers work in firms, government, or independently, with growing demand across various specialisations.
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