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CLAT Syllabus 2025: Detailed Subjects-wise Syllabus, Download PDF, Important Topics

CLAT Syllabus 2025: Detailed Subjects-wise Syllabus, Download PDF, Important Topics

Edited By Sumeet Sudarshan | Updated on Oct 24, 2024 09:50 AM IST | #CLAT
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CLAT Syllabus 2025: The Consortium of National Law Universities (NLUs) has released the CLAT 2025 syllabus on its official website. Candidates appearing in the CLAT exam 2025 are advised to refer to its syllabus while preparing for the exam. As the CLAT exam is conducted for LLB and LLM courses, the syllabus varies depending on the programme. The UG CLAT syllabus 2025 has five sections namely English language, logical reasoning, legal reasoning, general knowledge, current affairs, and maths. Read the complete article about the CLAT syllabus 2025, subject-wise topics, marking scheme, and more. CLAT 2025 exam will be conducted on December 1, in offline mode. The difficulty level of the CLAT exam is of class 12th level.
You may also check - Daily Free CLAT Practice Test

CLAT syllabus 2025: Overview of Exam

DetailsParticulars

Exam name

Common Law Admission Test

Duration of CLAT exam

2 hours (offline exam)

CLAT exam timings

2 pm to 4 pm

Total number of questions in CLAT 2025

120

Subjects

Legal reasoning, logical reasoning, maths, current affairs, general knowledge and English comprehension

Level of difficulty

Class 12 or equivalent

The CLAT syllabus 2025 is a lengthy one. The CLAT question papers often require students to read around 20,000 words across passages and answer the questions within 120 minutes. The Common Law Admission Test (CLAT) is conducted by the Consortium of NLUs for 5-year LLB and LLM admissions. A total of 120 multiple-choice type questions will be asked in CLAT 2025, each carrying one mark. Candidates will have 2 hours to answer the questions. A total of 24 national law universities (NLUs) accept CLAT scores for their law admissions. This article provides complete details of CLAT syllabus 2025, along with subject-wise topics, recommended books, and previous year analysis for each section.

CLAT 2025 Syllabus and Subject-wise questions and marks

There are five sections in the CLAT exam 2025. Each section contains comprehension passages followed by a series of multiple-choice questions. Candidates are required to answer the CLAT questions after reading the passages. The subject-wise distribution of questions and marks is given below.

CLAT Syllabus 2025: Section-wise details

Subject nameNumber of questionsMarks

English Language

22-26

22-26

Current Affairs including General Knowledge

28-32

28-32

Legal Reasoning

28-32

28-32

Logical Reasoning

22-26

22-26

Quantitative Techniques

10-14

22-26

Total

120

120

CLAT UG Syllabus 2025 Snapshot


UG—CLAT 2025 Syllabus along with marks distributionCLAT 2025 Syllabus: Subject-wise distribution of questions

CLAT Subjects 2025

There are five subjects in CLAT. As can be seen in the overview above, the CLAT 2025 subjects have different weights in the syllabus. Among the CLAT exam subjects current affairs and legal reasoning have the maximum weight at 25%. English and logical reasoning have 20% weight. The least among the CLAT subjects weightage is for Mathematics at 10%. The CLAT subject-wise marks are also distributed as per the weight accorded to each subject.

CLAT 2025 Syllabus Section-wise Weightage - Most to Least

Sl. noSectionsWeight
1Current affairs25%
2Legal reasoning25%
3English20%
4Logical reasoning20%
5Quantitative techniques10%

CLAT Syllabus 2025: Subject-Wise Details

The CLAT 2025 syllabus is designed to test whether the candidates possess the basic skills and aptitude required to pursue a career in law. The five subjects of the CLAT UG syllabus 2025 test some common and some subject-specific skills. While the common skills are reading, critical thinking and analytical skills, the subject-specific skills tested in the CLAT syllabus are different for each subject. Let's explore each subject in depth.

CLAT 2025 Syllabus for English Language and Comprehension

The CLAT English section is primarily a test of a candidate’s language skills — reading, comprehension, and grammar. The English syllabus for CLAT 2025 contains 3-4 passages of around 450 words each. Each passage is followed by multiple-choice type questions based on the passage. Students have to read the passages and answer the underlying questions accordingly. The passages are usually drawn from non-fiction and journalistic sources such as newspapers and magazines.

CLAT English Syllabus 2025 with Weightage

Particulars

Important details

Total weightage

20%

Type of questions asked

Comprehension-type passage-based questions

Number of questions22-26
Number of passages3-4 passages of around 450 words

Source material or content of passages

Newspapers, journals, contemporary or historically important fiction and non-fiction writing.

Standard of questions

12th standard

Skills Tested
  • Comprehending the core idea of the passage
  • Reading speed and proficiency
  • Summarising ideas
  • Vocabulary
  • Drawing inferences and conclusions
  • Evaluating Arguments
Important Topics
  • Correcting incorrect grammar sentences

  • Synonyms & antonyms

  • Tenses

  • Fill in the Blanks

  • Spotting grammatical errors

  • Active & passive voice

  • Vocabulary

  • Idioms and phrases


CLAT Syllabus 2025 for General Knowledge and Current Affairs

This section will have 25% of the questions, making the GK and current affairs syllabus for CLAT 2025 one of the most important sections in the question paper. The CLAT general knowledge largely remains static and tests the basic knowledge of candidates in subjects such as history, economics, political science, and technology. Whereas, CLAT current affairs will be based on topics of national and international importance that have been featured in recent news. The table given below provides an overview of the CLAT GK syllabus 2025.

CLAT general knowledge and current affairs syllabus 2025 with Weightages

Particulars

Important details

Total weightage

25%

Type of questions asked

Comprehension-type passage-based questions - Static general knowledge and current affairs

Number of questions28-32
Number of passages4-6

Source material or content of passages

News, journalistic sources, and non-fiction writing.


Standard of questions

Class 12th

Skills Tested
  • Reading and comprehension ability
  • General awareness
  • Drawing inferences and conclusions
Important topics
  • National & International Affairs

  • Schemes

  • Science & Technology

  • Summits & Conferences

  • Sports

  • Awards & Honours

  • Arts & Culture

  • Important Historical Events

You may also check - CLAT Exam Date

CLAT Legal Reasoning Syllabus 2025

The legal reasoning for CLAT 2025 has a 25% weight in the CLAT syllabus. The consortium of NLUs specifically states that prior knowledge of the law is not required for the legal reasoning syllabus for CLAT 2025. However, CLAT experts suggest that some level of familiarity with basic legal principles and current legal affairs will help the candidates answer questions quickly perform better in the exam. Knowledge of legal and moral issues can help candidates apply general legal principles and propositions in various fact scenarios when attempting the CLAT legal reasoning questions.

There will be 4-6 passages in the CLAT legal reasoning syllabus of 450 words. These passages will contain various fact situations or scenarios with legal matters, public policy questions, or moral philosophical inquiries. The CLAT legal reasoning questions will be based on the given passages. The passages are drawn from non-fictional sources such as policy reports and legal journals.

CLAT 2025 Legal Reasoning Syllabus with Weightage

Particulars

Important details

Total weightage

25%

Type of questions asked

Multiple choice type questions from comprehension passages

No. of questions28-32
No. of passages4-6

Source material or content of passages

Legal knowledge, policy reports, legal journals, cases, news and editorials

Difficulty level

Class 12th

Skills tested
  • Identifying and inferring the rules and arguments in the passage
  • Demonstrating how change in such rules/principles affects their application
  • Applying such rules and principles in various fact scenarios
  • Reading Speed and critical thinking ability
Important topics
  • Concepts of law
  • Law of Torts
  • Indian Penal Code, and related concepts
  • Monism and dualism
  • Special Marriage Act
  • Contract Act
  • Bigamy and Constitution
  • Law of writs
  • Penal law
  • Personal laws related to Bigamy
  • Public international law
  • Legal current affairs
  • Identify and infer the rules and arguments in the passage

CLAT Logical Reasoning Syllabus 2025

The CLAT logical reasoning syllabus has 20% weight in the CLAT syllabus 2025. The CLAT logical reasoning section attempts to test the reasoning ability of candidates. The questions in CLAT logical reasoning are based on passages that contain statements, arguments and facts. The language and tone of the passages can be tricky with the use of words like “And/Or, Where/There, All/Some” etc. Additionally, this section will have arguments and patterns in which candidates have to either draw relationships or apply those arguments in different situations.

CLAT 2025 Logical Reasoning Syllabus with Weightage

ParticularsImportant details

Total weightage

20%

Type of questions asked

MCQs from comprehension passages

Number of questions22-26 questions
Number of passages3-4

Content of passages

Arguments, patterns, statements and fact situations

Difficulty level

Class 12th

Skills tested
  • Identifying arguments and their premises and drawing conclusions
  • Critically analysing patterns of reasoning, and assessing how conclusions may depend on particular premises or evidence
  • Inferring what follows from the passage and applying these inferences to new situations
  • Reading and comprehension ability
  • Identifying contradictions and equivalence, and assessing the effectiveness of arguments
  • Drawing relationships and analogies
Important topics

CLAT Maths Syllabus 2025

The CLAT Maths syllabus carries 10% weightage in the CLAT 2025 syllabus. The maths section carries the least weight in CLAT 2025. However, it is often considered a game changer as one can get ahead of the rest by performing well in this section which can be difficult for candidates from a non-mathematical background. The difficulty level of CLAT syllabus for quantitative techniques will be a maximum of class 10 level.

Unlike general maths, CLAT maths will not have straightforward problems. Questions in CLAT maths will be framed based a set of facts, conditions, data, graphs or textual representations containing numerical information. Candidates have to study that information before answering the underlying questions. Gathering and processing such numerical information may consume some time, but the skills tests are basic to mathematics only.

CLAT Maths Syllabus 2025 with Weightages

ParticularsImportant details

Total weightage

10%

Type of questions asked

Sets of facts or propositions, graphs, or other textual, pictorial, or diagrammatic representations of numerical information, followed by a series of questions.


Number of questions10-14
Number of passages2-3

Standard of questions

Class 10th

Skills tested
  • Working with and drawing inferences from numerical data
  • Performing basic mathematical operations on given problems
  • Reading and comprehending data given in the passage
Important topics

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Subject-wise Analysis of CLAT Previous Year Question Paper

Analysing the previous year's CLAT question paper will help candidates evaluate the difficulty level of the CLAT syllabus 2025. The table given below provides the section-wise analysis of last year's CLAT question paper including the difficulty level and the topics covered.

CLAT 2024 Difficulty Level

SectionSection Difficulty

English

Easy

Literature-based questions that could be solved by elimination. No questions from vocabulary

General knowledge

Easy

Questions were mostly based on the given passages. Covered topics such as G 20, Gaza conflict, ISRO, and Jallianwala Bagh

Quantitative aptitude

Easy to moderate

Questions covered population survey and ratio and proportion

Legal reasoning

Easy

Questions on Juvenile Justice Act, Void and Voidable Marriage, Personal Data Protection Bill

Logical reasoning

Easy to moderate

Passages were short with questions on drawing inferences and evaluating the strengths, and weaknesses of arguments.

Overall

Easy-moderate


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Difficult Sections in CLAT Syllabus 2025

The difficult sections in the CLAT syllabus vary as per the difficulty level of the exam. Last year's exam analysis shows that quantitative aptitude and logical reasoning were considered difficult than the other sections which were easy. The maths section in the CLAT exam syllabus can be challenging for students from non-mathematical background. However, the difficulty level of the maths questions is not beyond class 10.

CLAT LLM Syllabus 2025

As mentioned above, the CLAT 2025 PG syllabus contains subjects of the LLB programme. The questions are asked in similar comprehension passage formats. However, questions are framed around specific topics of law and current legal affairs. All of the questions asked in CLAT LLM 2025 will be objective-type questions. There will be no essay or descriptive section. The topics covered in the CLAT LLM syllabus are listed below.

CLAT 2025 LLM Syllabus

Constitutional Law

Law of Torts

Administrative law

Criminal Law

Family law

Labour and industrial law

Property law

Public international law

Jurisprudence

Company law

Intellectual Property Law

International Law

Tax law

Law of Contracts

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CLAT Current Affairs with GK Mock Tests

Stay updated with current affairs & check your preparation with the CLAT General Knowledge Mock Tests Ebook

CLAT 2025 Syllabus vs Other Law Entrance Exams

The difficulty level of the CLAT syllabus 2025 can be better understood when looked at in comparison to a few other law entrance exams. The table given below provides a comparison of the syllabus of CLAT 2025 with two other popular law entrance exams namely AILET and SLAT.

CLAT Syllabus Vs AILET Syllabus Vs SLAT Syllabus

ParticularsCLAT 2025 syllabusAILET 2025 syllabusSLAT 2025 syllabus
Number of sections535
SectionsEnglish, GK and current affairs, legal reasoning, logical reasoning, quantitative techniquesEnglish, current affairs and GK, logical reasoningLogical reasoning, legal reasoning, analytical reasoning, reading comprehension, GK and current affairs
Number of questions12015060
Time2 hours2 hours1 hour
Total marks12015060
Marks per question1 mark1 mark1 mark
Negative marking0.25 mark for every wrong answer0.25 mark for every wrong answerNo negative marking
Number of attemptsOnce a yearOnce a yearTwice a year

CLAT 2025 Books and Study Material

While preparing for the law entrance exam, candidates must refer to the standard CLAT books that are only meant for the entrance exam. Additionally, a daily English newspaper like The Hindu and internet-based study resources; news analysis, editorials, and journals are required for CLAT preparation. Here is a complete list of CLAT books and study materials that students should keep for their preparation.

Recommended books and study material for CLAT 2025

Subject

Author

Quantitative Aptitude

  • Legal Aptitude for CLAT and other Law Exams: Workbook by A. P Bhardwaj

General Awareness, Current affairs

  • Legal General Knowledge by R. K Gupta

  • Pearson General Knowledge Manual

  • Pratiyogita Darpan

  • Monthly current affairs magazine

Reasoning

  • Logical Reasoning by Jain Prateek

  • Verbal and Non-Verbal Reasoning by RS Aggarwal

  • Analytical Reasoning by MK Pandey

English

  • Objective General English by N. Khurmi and George

  • English is Easy by Chetananand Singh

  • High School English Grammar and Composition by Wren & Martin

Previous Year Papers

Previous Year Papers by A.P. Bhardwaj

Additional Resources

Newspaper - The Hindu or The Indian Express, legal journals, articles, editorials, explanations

FREE CLAT Study Material - Download PDF

How to Prepare for CLAT 2025?

CLAT is one of the toughest law entrance exams in India and a highly competitive one. Most of the sections in CLAT 2025 focus on high-level reading and comprehension which can not be developed overnight. Given below are the tips to prepare for the CLAT syllabus 2025.

Preparation Tips for CLAT 2025 Syllabus

  • Start preparations early and give adequate time. Candidates should give at least six to eight months for CLAT preparation and deal with each subject in a dedicated manner.
  • Keep a collection of good CLAT 2025 books for each section which can be referred to during one's preparation to cover the underlying concepts and build a good understanding of each subject.
  • Candidates preparing for UG-CLAT 2025 are advised to practice sample questions throughout their preparation. The CLAT previous year papers are one of the most important resources that not only make the candidate familiar with the actual test but also make them habitual of solving such lengthy papers within the available time limits.
  • Candidates must leave enough time at the back end to revise and consolidate one's learning for better performance during the exam.
  • Look for study groups of like-minded people who are preparing for CLAT 2025 with the same intensity. Peer groups act as great motivators to study well for the exam.
  • Devote enough time for rest and leisure activities during one's preparation without getting overwhelmed by the pressure to perform well in the exam.

Also, check:

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is the syllabus for CLAT 2025 exam?

The  CLAT 2025 syllabus comprises five subjects - English Language, Current Affairs including General Knowledge, Legal Reasoning, Logical Reasoning and Quantitative Techniques.

2. What are the key subjects covered in the CLAT exam?

CLAT UG exam comprises of five subjects - English Language, Current Affairs including General Knowledge, Legal Reasoning, Logical Reasoning and Quantitative Techniques.

3. Where can I check the CLAT syllabus?

Candidates can check the detailed CLAT syllabus in this article. The article comprises detailed subjects and topics list.

4. Who prescribes the CLAT syllabus?

The Consortium of NLUs prescribes the syllabus of CLAT 2025.

5. Are there any changes to the CLAT 2025 syllabus this year?

No, there are no new changes in the CLAT 2025 syllabus.

6. Is there a specific weightage for each subject in the CLAT syllabus?

Yes, English Language and Logical Reasoning sections have a weightage of 20% each, while Current Affairs and Legal Reasoning sections have 25% weightage each. The Quantitative Techniques section will have 10% weightage.

7. Which is the most difficult section of the CLAT 2025?

The Quantitative Techniques section can be termed as the most difficult section of CLAT exam.

8. Where can I find resources to prepare for the CLAT syllabus?

Candidates can visit the Careers360 Law eBooks and Sample Papers store.

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Questions related to CLAT

Have a question related to CLAT ?

Hello,

Since you’ve cracked CLAT UG and are moving to another law college, you need to submit the **Transfer Certificate (TC)** from your current institution, BHU. The TC from your school (class 12) is no longer required as you are already enrolled in another higher education institution. Ensure you get the TC from BHU, as it is a crucial document for the transfer and admission process at your new college.

Hy,

  1. For CLAT (Common Law Admission Test) : No, it is not mandatory to have mathematics in Class 12 to apply for CLAT. CLAT is the entrance exam for undergraduate law programs (BA LLB, BBA LLB, etc.) in National Law Universities (NLUs) across India. The eligibility criteria for CLAT UG simply require you to have passed Class 12 with at least 45% marks (40% for reserved categories). The test itself includes a section on quantitative techniques, but it covers basic mathematics (up to Class 10 level), so you don't need to have studied math in Class 12.

  2. For Law Programs via CUET (Common University Entrance Test) : Similar to CLAT, maths is not mandatory for applying to law programs through CUET. CUET offers access to various central universities and other participating institutions for undergraduate courses, including law. The eligibility typically revolves around having passed Class 12 with a minimum percentage as set by the individual university or program. However, different universities may have slightly varied requirements, so it's advisable to check the specific eligibility criteria of the law program you’re interested in. Most of them, however, do not mandate mathematics as a subject in 12th.

In conclusion, while basic math skills are tested in the CLAT, math is not a required subject in Class 12 for either CLAT or most CUET-based law programs.

Hello from Careers360,

Thank you for your interest in our CLAT preparation resources. We appreciate your query about accessing free recorded CLAT classes.

To watch a free CLAT recorded class from Careers360, you can follow these steps:

  1. Visit the Careers360 website
  2. Navigate to the CLAT preparation section
  3. Look for any available free resources or demo classes

However, I want to be upfront and say that I'm not entirely certain about the current availability of free recorded CLAT classes on our platform. Our offerings may have changed recently.

For the most up-to-date information, I'd recommend:

  1. Checking our website thoroughly
  2. Reaching out to our customer support team directly

They'll be able to provide you with the most current details about our CLAT preparation resources, including any free classes or materials we're currently offering.

Is there anything specific about CLAT preparation you're looking for help with? We'd be glad to assist you further.

Hello,

One such way to watch free CLAT coaching recorded sessions is by finding sites that provide free law entrance preparation resources. YouTube, for example has many channels offering free CLAT coaching; some of these sites even offer recorded lectures in legal reasoning, current affairs, and logical reasoning, among others. Some of the free sessions can be accessed quickly through such channels as LegalEdge or LawPrep Tutorial.

You can also look out for free online portals like Unacademy, where it offers free recorded sessions on a regular basis, especially when it is in their promotional period. Also, many websites offering law school prep have a free trial or even demo session which includes recorded material.

And finally, scroll across the entrance forums or groups from social media sites like Telegram or Facebook, in which members can share the links of free recorded classes and study materials. Keep an eye on special events: some coaching institutes offer free access to recordings when they conduct webinars or workshops.

Hello,

Yes, the recorded video for CLAT preparation can be sent through the medium of WhatsApp, if only the video file size does not exceed the 2GB limit on WhatsApp. In case the video file size exceeds more than 2 GB, there are options for compressing the video and, at the same time, sharing the link through Google Drive or Dropbox after uploading it there and sending the link through WhatsApp.

Many coaching institutes and online study material platforms also record lectures so the same can be shared with students through WhatsApp. WhatsApp also provides students the facility of having all these materials anytime of the day. Where compressing video quality reduces, it may need to be left at cloud storage links. Sharing educational contents through a WhatsApp group ensures getting the answers or information they need to study and do their homework. Students can discuss topics about education with peers in these groups.

Passage 1
Read the passage below and answer the following question.
Cheating is considered a criminal offence under the Indian Penal Code. It is done to gain profit or advantage from another person by using some deceitful means. The person who deceives another knows for the fact that it would place the other person in an unfair situation. Cheating as an offence can be made punishable under Section 420 of the IPC. Scope of Section 415 Cheating is defined under Section 415 of the Indian Penal Code as whoever fraudulently or dishonestly deceives a person to induce that person to deliver a property to any person or to consent to retain any property. If a person intentionally induces a person to do or omit to do any act which he would not have done if he was not deceived to do so and the act has caused harm to that person in body, mind, reputation, or property, then the person who fraudulently, dishonestly or intentionally induced the other person is said to cheat. Any dishonest concealment of facts that can deceive a person to do an act that he would not have done otherwise is also cheating within the meaning of this section. Essential Ingredients of Cheating requires · deception of any person. Fraudulently or dishonestly inducing that person to deliver any property to any person or to consent that any person shall retain any property; or · intentionally inducing a person to do or omit to do anything which he would not do or omit if he were not so deceived, and the act or omission causes or is likely to cause damage or harm to that person in body, mind, reputation or property.
Deceit– a tort arising from an untrue or false statement of facts which are made by a person, recklessly or knowingly, with an intention that it shall be acted upon by the other person, who would suffer damages as a result. 
Fraud – a false or untrue representation of the fact, that is made with the knowledge of its falsity or without the belief in its truth or a reckless statement that may or may not be true, with an intention to induce a person or individual to act independent of it with the result that the person acts on it and suffers damages and harm. In other words, it is a wrong act or criminal deception with an intention to result in financial or personal gain.
Question - 1 
D went to a moneylender, Z, for the loan. D intentionally pledges the gold article with Z taking the loan. D knows that the article is not made of gold. After a few days, D leaves the village. Decide.

 

Option: 1 None

Option: 2 None

Option: 3 None

Option: 4 None

Read the passage carefully and answer the question

The Contract should be performed by the promisor himself. However, in certain cases, it can also be performed by his agents or legal representatives. It all depends upon the intention of the parties. Normally a contract can be performed by the following persons. 

  1. Promisor himself: If from the nature of the contract it appears that it was the intention of the parties that the promise should be performed by the promisor himself, such promise must be performed by the promisor. This usually applies to contracts involving personal skill, task, or artwork. 
  2. Promisor or his Agent: Where the contract does not involve the personal skill of the promisor, the contract could be performed by the promisor himself or by any competent person employed by him for the purpose, 
  3. Legal Representatives: The contracts which do not involve any personal skill or taste, may be performed by his legal representative after the death of the promisor.
  4. Third Person: In some cases, a contract may be performed by a third person provided the promisee accepts the arrangement. According to Section 41 of the Indian Contract Act, once the promisee accepts the performance from a third person, he cannot compel the promisor to perform the contract again. 
  5. Performance of Joint Promises: According to section 42 of the Indian Contract Act, when two or more persons have made a joint promise, the joint promisors must fulfill the promise jointly during their lifetime. And if any one of them dies, then his legal representatives and survivors must jointly fulfill the promise. 

Section 43 of the Indian Contract Act further provides that unless a contrary intention appears from the contract, each joint promisor may compel every other joint promisor to contribute equally to the performance of the promise. If any joint promisor makes a default in such contribution, the remaining joint promisors must bear the loss arising from such default in equal shares.

Question:

Aman received a box of chocolates from Basant and promised to pay Rupees 5000. Later on, A becomes bankrupt. Chetan who is a friend of Aman pays rupees 1000 to Besant on behalf of Aman. Aman is not aware of such a transaction. In civil court, insolvency proceedings have started against Aman. Meanwhile, Basant has also applied for a recovery of 5000 rupees. Decide.

Option: 1

Basant is entitled to recover the amount of 5000 from Aman.


Option: 2

Basant is entitled to recover the amount of 4000 from Aman.


Option: 3

Chetan is entitled to recover the amount of 1000 from Basant.


Option: 4

Basant cannot recover any amount from Aman as he has become insolvent.


Read the passage carefully and answer the question

The Contract should be performed by the promisor himself. However, in certain cases, it can also be performed by his agents or legal representatives. It all depends upon the intention of the parties. Normally a contract can be performed by the following persons. 

  1. Promisor himself: If from the nature of the contract it appears that it was the intention of the parties that the promise should be performed by the promisor himself, such promise must be performed by the promisor. This usually applies to contracts involving personal skill, task, or artwork. 
  2. Promisor or his Agent: Where the contract does not involve the personal skill of the promisor, the contract could be performed by the promisor himself or by any competent person employed by him for the purpose, 
  3. Legal Representatives: The contracts which do not involve any personal skill or taste, may be performed by his legal representative after the death of the promisor.
  4. Third Person: In some cases, a contract may be performed by a third person provided the promisee accepts the arrangement. According to Section 41 of the Indian Contract Act, once the promisee accepts the performance from a third person, he cannot compel the promisor to perform the contract again. 
  5. Performance of Joint Promises: According to section 42 of the Indian Contract Act, when two or more persons have made a joint promise, the joint promisors must fulfill the promise jointly during their lifetime. And if any one of them dies, then his legal representatives and survivors must jointly fulfill the promise. 

Section 43 of the Indian Contract Act further provides that unless a contrary intention appears from the contract, each joint promisor may compel every other joint promisor to contribute equally to the performance of the promise. If any joint promisor makes a default in such contribution, the remaining joint promisors must bear the loss arising from such default in equal shares.

Question:

K promises to paint a picture for L on a certain day, at a certain price. K dies before the day of the contract. Decide. 

Option: 1

The contract can be enforced by K’s representative 


Option: 2

The contract can be enforced by L


Option: 3

The contract can be enforced either by K’s representation or by L 


Option: 4

The contract cannot be enforced either by K’s representative, or L


Read the passage carefully and answer the question

The Contract should be performed by the promisor himself. However, in certain cases, it can also be performed by his agents or legal representatives. It all depends upon the intention of the parties. Normally a contract can be performed by the following persons. 

  1. Promisor himself: If from the nature of the contract it appears that it was the intention of the parties that the promise should be performed by the promisor himself, such promise must be performed by the promisor. This usually applies to contracts involving personal skill, task, or artwork. 
  2. Promisor or his Agent: Where the contract does not involve the personal skill of the promisor, the contract could be performed by the promisor himself or by any competent person employed by him for the purpose, 
  3. Legal Representatives: The contracts which do not involve any personal skill or taste, may be performed by his legal representative after the death of the promisor.
  4. Third Person: In some cases, a contract may be performed by a third person provided the promisee accepts the arrangement. According to Section 41 of the Indian Contract Act, once the promisee accepts the performance from a third person, he cannot compel the promisor to perform the contract again. 
  5. Performance of Joint Promises: According to section 42 of the Indian Contract Act, when two or more persons have made a joint promise, the joint promisors must fulfill the promise jointly during their lifetime. And if any one of them dies, then his legal representatives and survivors must jointly fulfill the promise. 

Section 43 of the Indian Contract Act further provides that unless a contrary intention appears from the contract, each joint promisor may compel every other joint promisor to contribute equally to the performance of the promise. If any joint promisor makes a default in such contribution, the remaining joint promisors must bear the loss arising from such default in equal shares.

Question:

Rohan has agreed to manage the catering services during the marriage of Sohan’s son Ramu. On the day of marriage, Rohan felt ill and sent his manager to the management of catering services. Ramu happily gets married to Tina and people appreciated the food and decoration of the event. When Rohan asked Sohan for the remaining amount, he denied it because Rohan himself had not managed so it is a breach. Decide.

 

Option: 1

Rohan is not entitled to get the remaining amount due to a breach of contract.


Option: 2

Rohan is entitled to sue Sohan for the remaining amount.


Option: 3

Rohan is entitled to sue Ramu because it was his marriage.


Option: 4

Instead of Rohan, his manager can only sue Sohan for the breach.


Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.

It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.

The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.

Question:

X is a student of a college and his father Y is a professor in the same college. In one instance, X is caught to be involved in unparliamentary activities inside the college campus. The enquiry committee is set up and Y is appointed as the head of the committee. Decide.

Option: 1

Y is a professor of the same college hence he can become a member of the enquiry committee


Option: 2

Y is X’s father hence he should not be a part of the enquiry committee


Option: 3

Y can be a part of the enquiry committee but cannot be its head


Option: 4

There is no rule that prevents the appointment of Y until he fulfils his function diligently


Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.

It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.

The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.

Question:

Mr X is an employee of a corporate office. His wife Y is a judge. In one instance, X is found to be involved in a money laundering case at his office. The office now files a suit and Y is appointed as the judge for this case. Decide.

Option: 1

Y is a judge by herself, hence can be appointed to adjudicate this case


Option: 2

Y is can be appointed as a judge only if she fulfils her responsibilities without any bias


Option: 3

Y can adjudicate the case and if the company finds the penalty to be insufficient then they can appeal against it


Option: 4

Y cannot be the judge in this case ab initio


Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.

It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.

The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.

Question:

X was a renowned cricketer in the 1980s. His son Y is a struggling cricketer who has been trying to get into the national team for many years. In the year 2020, X is appointed as a member of the selection committee. In the match which is supposed to decide the final team of the nation, Y scores a century and Z scores 65 runs. However, Z is selected to represent India and Y is not. Y now appeals against the decision, the main ground being the presence of X in the committee. Decide.

Option: 1

The appeal will stand as Y scored a century yet Z was selected after scoring 65 runs


Option: 2

The appeal will be quashed since X’s presence should have benefitted Y, but it didn’t, hence the rejection of Y is valid


Option: 3

The appeal will stand as X’s presence is a factor of bias


Option: 4

The appeal will be quashed since X was a renowned cricketer


Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.

It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.

The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.

Question:

X is a married judge who is well known for his honesty in the entire city. He has a son Y. One fine day Y gets kidnapped and the kidnapper demands a sum of 20 lakhs from X. However, the kidnapper is caught by the police. X is now appointed as the judge for the hearing of the kidnapper. Decide.

Option: 1

X can be the judge since he can decide the punishment better as he was the sufferer


Option: 2

X cannot be the judge since there is a possibility that he will be biased while delivering the judgement


Option: 3

X can be the judge since he is renowned for his honesty and fulfil his duties


Option: 4

X can be the judge but his statement can be appealed against if delivered with bias


Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.

It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.

The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.

Question:

X and Y have been married for five years. X is a judge and Y is a doctor. X is pretty much unhappy with his married life so he wants to divorce Y. Y refuses to agree to a divorce by mutual consent hence X files a suit against Y. Decide.

Option: 1

X cannot file a suit since he is a judge


Option: 2

X can file a suit against Y in legal capacity but not as a judge


Option: 3

X cannot file a divorce suit against Y since there is no valid ground for divorce


Option: 4

X can proceed with mutual consent but not contested divorce


Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

In the case of M/S Halonex Limited, 59-A Noida vs State of U.P., it was held that “In reply to the aforesaid submission, learned counsel for opposite party no.2 submitted that the case of the applicants that no amount is due from their side to the complainant is a matter of defence which cannot be considered at this stage. It has been submitted that the term 'entrustment' as used in Section 405 IPC has been given a wider interpretation. It has been submitted that the goods returned by the complainant to the Company for replacement or for reimbursement would be deemed to have been entrusted to the Company and as the applicants 2 & 3 were handling its affair they become responsible. To buttress the said submission, the learned counsel for the complainant drew the attention of the Court to a decision of the Apex Court in the case of Ram Narayan Popli Vs. Central Bureau of Investigation: (2003) 3 SCC 641, wherein it was observed that: "the term "entrustment" is not necessarily a term of law. It may have different implications in different contexts. In its most general signification all it imports is the handing over possession for some purpose which may not imply the conferring of any proprietary right at all." Attention was also drawn to an observation made in the judgment of the aforesaid case, where it was observed that: "to establish the charge of criminal breach of trust, the prosecution is not obliged to prove the precise mode of conversion, misappropriation or misapplication by the accused of the property entrusted to him or over which he has dominion. The principal ingredient of the offence being dishonest misappropriation or conversion which may not ordinarily be a matter of direct proof, entrustment of property and failure in breach of an obligation to account for the property entrusted if proved, may, in the light of other circumstances, justifiably lead to an inference of dishonest misappropriation or conversion”.

Question:

X tracks down an expensive necklace on the road. Not knowing to whom it belongs. X sells it promptly to a jeweller without attempting to find the owner or submitting the necklace to the authorities. Decide the liability of X.

Option: 1

Extortion


Option: 2

Criminal breach of trust


Option: 3

Theft


Option: 4

Criminal misappropriation of Property


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