CLAT Legal Reasoning Syllabus 2025: List of Topics Asked in Previous Years, Books, Preparation

Subject name	Number of questions
Legal reasoning	28-32
Logical reasoning	22-26
English comprehension	22-26
Maths	10-14
General knowledge & current affairs	28-32

Year	Topics	Difficulty level
2024	5 passages with 32 questions. Passages were around marriage laws, digital data protection law, press freedom, Juvenile Justice Act, Void and voidable Marriage, Personal Data Protection Bill.	Easy
2023	8 passages on current affairs covering topics such as the Law of Torts, Contract Law, the Indian Penal Code, and related concepts	Easy to moderate but lengthy
2022	The passages were based on Monism and dualism, Special Marriage Act, Contract Act, Bigamy and Constitution. All the passages were from the major laws and the questions were easy as well.	Easy
2021	The passages were from topics such as Special marriage act, Law of writs, Penal law, Personal laws related to Bigamy, and Public international law.	Moderate

Articles

CLAT 2025 Delhi High Court Judgment Live Updates: Verdict Soon; PG Hearing on April 21

Apr 15, 2025

CLAT Revised Rank 3000-4000: List of Top NLUs

Apr 15, 2025

Delhi HC Reserves Verdict on CLAT 2025 UG Petitions; CLAT PG 2025 Hearing on April 21

Apr 14, 2025

CLAT 2025 Revised Result: How Merit List Will Change for CLAT Rank 1000-2000

Apr 14, 2025

CLAT 2025 UG: 15 Questions and Answers Challenged in Delhi High Court Proceedings

Apr 14, 2025

CLAT 2025 Revised Result: 50 to 60 Marks; Top NLUs and Expected Rank

Apr 14, 2025

CLAT UG 2025 HC Hearing: Final Judgment Soon; Counselling Dates to be Notified

Apr 11, 2025

CLAT 2025: Counselling (Revised Date), Revised Result, Revised Cut-Offs

Apr 11, 2025

Upcoming Law Exams

View All Law Exams

Certifications By Top Providers

Improving Global Health Focusing on Quality and Safety

Via Harvard University, Cambridge

Israel State and Society

Via The Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Study from Still Life

Via Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi

Home Science-Extension and Communication Management Level-2

Via English and Foreign Languages University, Hyderabad

Economic History of India from 1857 to 1947

Via St Alberts College, Ernakulam

Global Ethics An Introduction

Via The Open University, Milton Keynes

161 courses

128 courses

74 courses

63 courses

52 courses

Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi

37 courses

Social Science

History

Humanities and Social Sciences

Explore Top Universities Across Globe

University of Essex, Colchester

Wivenhoe Park Colchester CO4 3SQ

University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen

King's College, Aberdeen, AB24 3FX

Keele University, Newcastle

Staffordshire, UK, ST5 5BG

The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh

Old College, South Bridge, Edinburgh, Post Code EH8 9YL

Queen Mary University of London, London

Mile End Road, London E1 4NS

Lancaster University, Lancaster

Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YW

Criminology and Forensic law

Business Law

Commercial Law

International Trade Law

Working While Studying in Singapore - Know Part Time Work Options

8 min ⋆ Dec 04, 2024 10:12 AM IST

Intakes In Germany for International Students in 2025

11 min ⋆ Mar 05, 2025 09:03 AM IST

SAT Exam Fees in India 2025 - Registration, Cancellation, Late and Score Services Fee

5 min ⋆ Feb 17, 2025 10:02 AM IST

RMIT University Rankings 2025: QS World & THE Ranking

3 min ⋆ Apr 08, 2025 10:04 AM IST

How To Study Abroad After 12th For Indian Students in 2025

7 min ⋆ Apr 08, 2025 08:04 AM IST

Study MBBS in China 2025: Medical Universities, Fees & Admission

21 min ⋆ Apr 08, 2025 07:04 AM IST

Popular Courses and Specializations

Popular Degrees

Popular Branches

List of colleges accepting CLAT

Browse Law Colleges by State

Related E-books & Sample Papers

CLAT Mock Test with Solutions - 10 Free Mock Tests by Careers360

23980+ Downloads

CLAT Sample Paper 2026 with Answer Key by Careers360

6784+ Downloads

CLAT 2026 Syllabus: Complete Details

14439+ Downloads

Best Books for CLAT 2026 Preparation

3348+ Downloads

CLAT Last 5 Year Question Papers with Detailed Solutions (2020-2024)

8961+ Downloads

CLAT UG 2025 : Preparation Guide (Exam Pattern, Syllabus, Section-wise Preparation Tips) - Free PDF

669+ Downloads

Questions related to CLAT

Have a question related to CLAT ?

can i proceed with clat counselling even if i pass by writing supplementary exam?

Hello,

Yes, you can take part in CLAT counselling even if you passed through a supplementary exam. But make sure you have your final passing marksheet or result before the admission process starts.

Most colleges will ask for proof that you have passed your Class 12 before giving final admission. So, if your result comes out in time, you won’t face any problem.

Hope it helps !

Read Complete Answer

Prachi Kumari 13 April,2025

All about CLAT examination for class 12 appearing students

The Common Law Admission Test (CLAT) is a national-level entrance exam for law programs in India. As a Class 12 student, you're eligible to take the exam if you meet the minimum percentage requirements: 45% for general category and 40% for SC/ST.

Exam Pattern:

- Mode: Offline (pen-and-paper test)

- Duration: 2 hours

- Questions:120 multiple-choice questions

- Subjects: English Language, Current Affairs & GK, Legal Reasoning, Logical Reasoning, and Quantitative Techniques

- Marking Scheme: 1 mark for correct answers, -0.25 marks for incorrect answers

Subjects and Weightage:

- English Language (20%):Comprehension, grammar, vocabulary, and verbal reasoning

- Current Affairs & GK (25%): Awareness of current events and general knowledge

- Legal Reasoning (25%): Understanding legal principles and rules

- Logical Reasoning (20%): Logical and analytical reasoning skills

- Quantitative Techniques (10%): Mathematical operations and problem-solving

Preparation Tips:

- Start early to cover all topics thoroughly

- Practice regularly with mock tests to familiarize yourself with the exam format and timing

- Utilize resources like CLAT study materials and online platforms for structured preparation

- Join study groups to share knowledge and stay updated

Coaching and Study Materials:

- Consider joining CLAT coaching after your 12th board exams, unless you're a self-study expert

- Use recommended study materials like "Word Power Made Easy" by Norman Lewis for English, "Lucent's General Knowledge" for GK, and "Manorama Yearbook" for current affairs

*Eligibility and Application:*

- Check the official CLAT website for application deadlines and process

- Ensure you meet the minimum percentage requirements and have a valid ID proof

and passport-sized photographs.

For more information CLAT 202 6

Read Complete Answer

sadafreen356 11 April,2025

CLAT COACHING ALONG WITH INTERMEDIATE AT VIJAYAWADA

Hello,

In Vijayawada, several institutes offer CLAT coaching alongside intermediate studies. Here are some options:

1. Sri Chaitanya IAS Academy

2. Abhyaas LawPrep

3. T.I.M.E. Institute

4. Career Launcher

5. IMS Victory Academy

Hope it helps !

Read Complete Answer

Prachi Kumari 28 March,2025

What the syllabus for clat suggest the book

The CLAT (Common Law Admission Test) syllabus includes five main sections: English Language, Current Affairs including General Knowledge, Legal Reasoning, Logical Reasoning, and Quantitative Techniques. For preparation, some recommended books are *Word Power Made Easy* by Norman Lewis for English, *Lucent’s General Knowledge* for GK, and *Manorama Yearbook* for current affairs. For Legal Reasoning, *Universal’s Guide to CLAT & LLB* is useful, while *A Modern Approach to Logical Reasoning* by R.S. Aggarwal helps with reasoning. For Quantitative Techniques, *Quantitative Aptitude* by R.S. Aggarwal is a good choice. Regular mock tests and previous years' papers also enhance preparation.

Read Complete Answer

Tanya Gupta 26 March,2025

what is the result date of clat exam

Hello,

The CLAT 2025 exam results were announced early on December 7, 2024. However, due to legal challenges, the counselling process has been delayed, and the Delhi High Court is scheduled to hear related petitions on April 7, 2025.

Hope it helps !

Read Complete Answer

Prachi Kumari 01 April,2025

View All

Popular CLAT Questions

Read the passage carefully and answer the question

The Contract should be performed by the promisor himself. However, in certain cases, it can also be performed by his agents or legal representatives. It all depends upon the intention of the parties. Normally a contract can be performed by the following persons.

Promisor himself: If from the nature of the contract it appears that it was the intention of the parties that the promise should be performed by the promisor himself, such promise must be performed by the promisor. This usually applies to contracts involving personal skill, task, or artwork.
Promisor or his Agent: Where the contract does not involve the personal skill of the promisor, the contract could be performed by the promisor himself or by any competent person employed by him for the purpose,
Legal Representatives: The contracts which do not involve any personal skill or taste, may be performed by his legal representative after the death of the promisor.
Third Person: In some cases, a contract may be performed by a third person provided the promisee accepts the arrangement. According to Section 41 of the Indian Contract Act, once the promisee accepts the performance from a third person, he cannot compel the promisor to perform the contract again.
Performance of Joint Promises: According to section 42 of the Indian Contract Act, when two or more persons have made a joint promise, the joint promisors must fulfill the promise jointly during their lifetime. And if any one of them dies, then his legal representatives and survivors must jointly fulfill the promise.

Section 43 of the Indian Contract Act further provides that unless a contrary intention appears from the contract, each joint promisor may compel every other joint promisor to contribute equally to the performance of the promise. If any joint promisor makes a default in such contribution, the remaining joint promisors must bear the loss arising from such default in equal shares.

Question:

Aman received a box of chocolates from Basant and promised to pay Rupees 5000. Later on, A becomes bankrupt. Chetan who is a friend of Aman pays rupees 1000 to Besant on behalf of Aman. Aman is not aware of such a transaction. In civil court, insolvency proceedings have started against Aman. Meanwhile, Basant has also applied for a recovery of 5000 rupees. Decide.

Option: 1

Basant is entitled to recover the amount of 5000 from Aman.

Option: 2

Basant is entitled to recover the amount of 4000 from Aman.

Option: 3

Chetan is entitled to recover the amount of 1000 from Basant.

Option: 4

Basant cannot recover any amount from Aman as he has become insolvent.

Read the passage carefully and answer the question

The Contract should be performed by the promisor himself. However, in certain cases, it can also be performed by his agents or legal representatives. It all depends upon the intention of the parties. Normally a contract can be performed by the following persons.

Promisor himself: If from the nature of the contract it appears that it was the intention of the parties that the promise should be performed by the promisor himself, such promise must be performed by the promisor. This usually applies to contracts involving personal skill, task, or artwork.
Promisor or his Agent: Where the contract does not involve the personal skill of the promisor, the contract could be performed by the promisor himself or by any competent person employed by him for the purpose,
Legal Representatives: The contracts which do not involve any personal skill or taste, may be performed by his legal representative after the death of the promisor.
Third Person: In some cases, a contract may be performed by a third person provided the promisee accepts the arrangement. According to Section 41 of the Indian Contract Act, once the promisee accepts the performance from a third person, he cannot compel the promisor to perform the contract again.
Performance of Joint Promises: According to section 42 of the Indian Contract Act, when two or more persons have made a joint promise, the joint promisors must fulfill the promise jointly during their lifetime. And if any one of them dies, then his legal representatives and survivors must jointly fulfill the promise.

Section 43 of the Indian Contract Act further provides that unless a contrary intention appears from the contract, each joint promisor may compel every other joint promisor to contribute equally to the performance of the promise. If any joint promisor makes a default in such contribution, the remaining joint promisors must bear the loss arising from such default in equal shares.

Question:

K promises to paint a picture for L on a certain day, at a certain price. K dies before the day of the contract. Decide.

Option: 1

The contract can be enforced by K’s representative

Option: 2

The contract can be enforced by L

Option: 3

The contract can be enforced either by K’s representation or by L

Option: 4

The contract cannot be enforced either by K’s representative, or L

Read the passage carefully and answer the question

The Contract should be performed by the promisor himself. However, in certain cases, it can also be performed by his agents or legal representatives. It all depends upon the intention of the parties. Normally a contract can be performed by the following persons.

Promisor himself: If from the nature of the contract it appears that it was the intention of the parties that the promise should be performed by the promisor himself, such promise must be performed by the promisor. This usually applies to contracts involving personal skill, task, or artwork.
Promisor or his Agent: Where the contract does not involve the personal skill of the promisor, the contract could be performed by the promisor himself or by any competent person employed by him for the purpose,
Legal Representatives: The contracts which do not involve any personal skill or taste, may be performed by his legal representative after the death of the promisor.
Third Person: In some cases, a contract may be performed by a third person provided the promisee accepts the arrangement. According to Section 41 of the Indian Contract Act, once the promisee accepts the performance from a third person, he cannot compel the promisor to perform the contract again.
Performance of Joint Promises: According to section 42 of the Indian Contract Act, when two or more persons have made a joint promise, the joint promisors must fulfill the promise jointly during their lifetime. And if any one of them dies, then his legal representatives and survivors must jointly fulfill the promise.

Section 43 of the Indian Contract Act further provides that unless a contrary intention appears from the contract, each joint promisor may compel every other joint promisor to contribute equally to the performance of the promise. If any joint promisor makes a default in such contribution, the remaining joint promisors must bear the loss arising from such default in equal shares.

Question:

Rohan has agreed to manage the catering services during the marriage of Sohan’s son Ramu. On the day of marriage, Rohan felt ill and sent his manager to the management of catering services. Ramu happily gets married to Tina and people appreciated the food and decoration of the event. When Rohan asked Sohan for the remaining amount, he denied it because Rohan himself had not managed so it is a breach. Decide.

Option: 1

Rohan is not entitled to get the remaining amount due to a breach of contract.

Option: 2

Rohan is entitled to sue Sohan for the remaining amount.

Option: 3

Rohan is entitled to sue Ramu because it was his marriage.

Option: 4

Instead of Rohan, his manager can only sue Sohan for the breach.

Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.

It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.

The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.

Question:

X is a student of a college and his father Y is a professor in the same college. In one instance, X is caught to be involved in unparliamentary activities inside the college campus. The enquiry committee is set up and Y is appointed as the head of the committee. Decide.

Option: 1

Y is a professor of the same college hence he can become a member of the enquiry committee

Option: 2

Y is X’s father hence he should not be a part of the enquiry committee

Option: 3

Y can be a part of the enquiry committee but cannot be its head

Option: 4

There is no rule that prevents the appointment of Y until he fulfils his function diligently

Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.

It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.

The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.

Question:

Mr X is an employee of a corporate office. His wife Y is a judge. In one instance, X is found to be involved in a money laundering case at his office. The office now files a suit and Y is appointed as the judge for this case. Decide.

Option: 1

Y is a judge by herself, hence can be appointed to adjudicate this case

Option: 2

Y is can be appointed as a judge only if she fulfils her responsibilities without any bias

Option: 3

Y can adjudicate the case and if the company finds the penalty to be insufficient then they can appeal against it

Option: 4

Y cannot be the judge in this case ab initio

Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.

It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.

The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.

Question:

X was a renowned cricketer in the 1980s. His son Y is a struggling cricketer who has been trying to get into the national team for many years. In the year 2020, X is appointed as a member of the selection committee. In the match which is supposed to decide the final team of the nation, Y scores a century and Z scores 65 runs. However, Z is selected to represent India and Y is not. Y now appeals against the decision, the main ground being the presence of X in the committee. Decide.

Option: 1

The appeal will stand as Y scored a century yet Z was selected after scoring 65 runs

Option: 2

The appeal will be quashed since X’s presence should have benefitted Y, but it didn’t, hence the rejection of Y is valid

Option: 3

The appeal will stand as X’s presence is a factor of bias

Option: 4

The appeal will be quashed since X was a renowned cricketer

Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.

It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.

The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.

Question:

X is a married judge who is well known for his honesty in the entire city. He has a son Y. One fine day Y gets kidnapped and the kidnapper demands a sum of 20 lakhs from X. However, the kidnapper is caught by the police. X is now appointed as the judge for the hearing of the kidnapper. Decide.

Option: 1

X can be the judge since he can decide the punishment better as he was the sufferer

Option: 2

X cannot be the judge since there is a possibility that he will be biased while delivering the judgement

Option: 3

X can be the judge since he is renowned for his honesty and fulfil his duties

Option: 4

X can be the judge but his statement can be appealed against if delivered with bias

Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.

It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.

The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.

Question:

X and Y have been married for five years. X is a judge and Y is a doctor. X is pretty much unhappy with his married life so he wants to divorce Y. Y refuses to agree to a divorce by mutual consent hence X files a suit against Y. Decide.

Option: 1

X cannot file a suit since he is a judge

Option: 2

X can file a suit against Y in legal capacity but not as a judge

Option: 3

X cannot file a divorce suit against Y since there is no valid ground for divorce

Option: 4

X can proceed with mutual consent but not contested divorce

Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

In the case of M/S Halonex Limited, 59-A Noida vs State of U.P., it was held that “In reply to the aforesaid submission, learned counsel for opposite party no.2 submitted that the case of the applicants that no amount is due from their side to the complainant is a matter of defence which cannot be considered at this stage. It has been submitted that the term 'entrustment' as used in Section 405 IPC has been given a wider interpretation. It has been submitted that the goods returned by the complainant to the Company for replacement or for reimbursement would be deemed to have been entrusted to the Company and as the applicants 2 & 3 were handling its affair they become responsible. To buttress the said submission, the learned counsel for the complainant drew the attention of the Court to a decision of the Apex Court in the case of Ram Narayan Popli Vs. Central Bureau of Investigation: (2003) 3 SCC 641, wherein it was observed that: "the term "entrustment" is not necessarily a term of law. It may have different implications in different contexts. In its most general signification all it imports is the handing over possession for some purpose which may not imply the conferring of any proprietary right at all." Attention was also drawn to an observation made in the judgment of the aforesaid case, where it was observed that: "to establish the charge of criminal breach of trust, the prosecution is not obliged to prove the precise mode of conversion, misappropriation or misapplication by the accused of the property entrusted to him or over which he has dominion. The principal ingredient of the offence being dishonest misappropriation or conversion which may not ordinarily be a matter of direct proof, entrustment of property and failure in breach of an obligation to account for the property entrusted if proved, may, in the light of other circumstances, justifiably lead to an inference of dishonest misappropriation or conversion”.

Question:

X tracks down an expensive necklace on the road. Not knowing to whom it belongs. X sells it promptly to a jeweller without attempting to find the owner or submitting the necklace to the authorities. Decide the liability of X.

Option: 1

Extortion

Option: 2

Criminal breach of trust

Option: 3

Theft

Option: 4

Criminal misappropriation of Property

Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

In the case of M/S Halonex Limited, 59-A Noida vs State of U.P., it was held that “In reply to the aforesaid submission, learned counsel for opposite party no.2 submitted that the case of the applicants that no amount is due from their side to the complainant is a matter of defence which cannot be considered at this stage. It has been submitted that the term 'entrustment' as used in Section 405 IPC has been given a wider interpretation. It has been submitted that the goods returned by the complainant to the Company for replacement or for reimbursement would be deemed to have been entrusted to the Company and as the applicants 2 & 3 were handling its affair they become responsible. To buttress the said submission, the learned counsel for the complainant drew the attention of the Court to a decision of the Apex Court in the case of Ram Narayan Popli Vs. Central Bureau of Investigation: (2003) 3 SCC 641, wherein it was observed that: "the term "entrustment" is not necessarily a term of law. It may have different implications in different contexts. In its most general signification all it imports is the handing over possession for some purpose which may not imply the conferring of any proprietary right at all." Attention was also drawn to an observation made in the judgment of the aforesaid case, where it was observed that: "to establish the charge of criminal breach of trust, the prosecution is not obliged to prove the precise mode of conversion, misappropriation or misapplication by the accused of the property entrusted to him or over which he has dominion. The principal ingredient of the offence being dishonest misappropriation or conversion which may not ordinarily be a matter of direct proof, entrustment of property and failure in breach of an obligation to account for the property entrusted if proved, may, in the light of other circumstances, justifiably lead to an inference of dishonest misappropriation or conversion”.

Question:

P borrows from L his phone for using it to call his parents. However, when L is distracted, P removes the memory card of the phone and later on sells it. Decide the liability of P.

Option: 1

P is guilty under dishonest misappropriation of property

Option: 2

P is not guilty for any offence since the phone was given with consent

Option: 3

P is guilty for theft

Option: 4

P has been handed over the phone, so he has the right to use it as he likes

Explore Career Options (By Industry)

Lawyer

A lawyer is a professional who practises law. An Individual in the lawyer career path defends his or her client's cases and makes arguments on his or her behalf in both criminal and civil proceedings. A lawyer may advise and assist clients on how they should handle their legal issues. An individual as a career in law in India is considered one of the most sought-after careers.

A lawyer's job requires inhibiting skills. It involves practical applications of abstract legal theories and knowledge to solve specialised individual problems or to facilitate the interests of those who hire a lawyer to perform legal services. Here, in this article, we will discuss how to become a lawyer after 10th, is lawyer a good career in India, and how to become a lawyer in India.

4 Jobs Available

Civil Lawyer

Are you searching for a civil lawyer job description? A civil lawyer is a law professional who deals with disputes that come under civil law. Civil law is applicable to issues related t property and business disputes, family disputes, and torts. A tort can be defined as a civil wrong that causes the other person harm or injury. A Civil lawyer handles disputes regarding personal injury, family relationships, real estate, and employment. A career as a civil lawyer requires working with government entities and business institutions.

3 Jobs Available

Human Rights Lawyer

Individuals in the human rights lawyer career path are legal professionals responsible for advocating for people whose inherent dignity has been violated and who have suffered a lot of injustice. They take cases to defend the human rights of minorities, vulnerable populations, the LGBTQI community, indigenous people and others.

2 Jobs Available

Criminal Lawyer

A criminal lawyer is a lawyer who specialises in the field of crimes and punishments. Individuals who have been accused of committing a crime are guided by a criminal lawyer. Bail bond hearings, plea bargains, trials, dismissal hearings, appeals, and post-conviction procedures are all part of his or her work. Criminal law is the body of law that describes criminal acts, governs the arrest, prosecution, and trial of offenders, and defines the sentences and correctional options that are available to criminals.

2 Jobs Available

Family Lawyer

Family lawyers are required to assist a client in resolving any family-related problem. In general, family lawyers operate as mediators between family members when conflicts arise. Individuals who opt for a career as Family Lawyer is charged with drafting prenuptial agreements to protect someone's financial interests prior to marriage, consulting on grounds for impeachment or civil union separation, and drafting separation agreements.

2 Jobs Available

Cyber Lawyer

Cyber law careers deal with cyber law job opportunities concerning cybercrimes of all aspects such as cyberbullying, cyber frauds, cyber stalking, sharing personal information without consent, intellectual property and intellectual property, transactions, and freedom of speech.

2 Jobs Available

Immigration Lawyer

An immigration lawyer is responsible for representing the individuals (clients) involved in the immigration process that includes legal, and illegal citizens and refugees who want to reside in the country, start a business or get employment.

2 Jobs Available

Government Lawyer

A career as Government Lawyer is a professional who deals with law and requires to work for the government. He or she is required to work for either the state government or central government and is also known as Advocate General of the state and attorney general. A career as Government Lawyer requires one to work on behalf of government ministers and administrative staff. He or she gives legal advice and provides legal services in the public interest.

2 Jobs Available

Commercial Law	Civil Law
Comparative Law	Consumer Law
Constitutional and Administrative Law	Business Law
Corporate Law	Banking Law
Criminology and Forensic law	International Trade Law

CLAT Legal Reasoning Syllabus 2025: List of Topics Asked in Previous Years, Books, Preparation

CLAT Subjects 2025: Overview

CLAT 2025 Legal Reasoning Syllabus

Skills required for CLAT Legal Reasoning 2025

Jindal Global Law School Admissions 2025

UPES Integrated LLB Admissions 2025

CLAT 2025 legal reasoning syllabus - Topics covered

CLAT 2025 legal reasoning syllabus: List of topics asked in previous years

ICFAI-LAW School BA-LLB / BBA-LLB Admissions 2025

Symbiosis Law School Pune Admissions 2025

CLAT 2025 Legal reasoning - How to prepare?

CLAT 2025 legal reasoning preparation tips

Read daily newspaper articles

Read legal journals

Practice questions on legal principles

Improve legal maxims and vocabulary

Books for CLAT legal reasoning

Articles

Upcoming Law Exams

Certifications By Top Providers

Explore Top Universities Across Globe

Popular Courses and Specializations

Popular Degrees

Popular Branches

List of colleges accepting CLAT

Browse Law Colleges by State

Related E-books & Sample Papers

Questions related to CLAT

Popular CLAT Questions

Explore Career Options (By Industry)

Lawyer

Civil Lawyer

Human Rights Lawyer

Criminal Lawyer

Family Lawyer

Cyber Lawyer

Immigration Lawyer

Government Lawyer

Amity University, Noida Law Admissions 2025

Jindal Global Law School Admissions 2025

Sanskaram University Law Admissions 2025

Chandigarh University Admissions 2025

UPES Integrated LLB Admissions 2025

ICFAI-LAW School BA-LLB / BBA-LLB Admissions 2025

Stay up-to date with CLAT News

Explore on Careers360

CLAT

AILET

AP LAWCET

TS LAWCET

Colleges By Degree

Colleges By Branches

Colleges By Exam

By City

By State

LLB

LLM

Diploma

Download Careers360 App

All this at the convenience of your phone

Scan and download the app