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CLAT FAQs 2025 - Common Law Admission Test Frequently asked questions

CLAT FAQs 2025 - Common Law Admission Test Frequently asked questions

Edited By Shubham Bhakuni | Updated on May 07, 2024 10:12 AM IST | #CLAT

The Consortium of National Law Universities has announced the official CLAT 2025 exam date. The Consortium of NLUs has notified that it will conduct CLAT 2025 on December 1, 2024 from 2 pm to 4 pm. The Consortium has also informed Careers360 that it will open the CLAT 2025 application form tentatively in the first or second week of July 2024.

The CLAT 2025 admission process is tedious and involves many stages. The candidates may have several FAQs in mind regarding the Common Law Admission Test, admission process, result, pattern etc. Find out the complete list of Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) related to CLAT 2025. The article covers 2025 related to eligibility criteria, application form, pattern, syllabus, result, counselling and the complete admission process.

Thus, CLAT 2025 faqs will be a one-stop solution to answer all your queries regarding the examination. We have tried to cover all aspects of CLAT including the latest announcements and updates by the Consortium of NLUs. Read the complete article to get answers to all CLAT FAQs 2025.

CLAT 2025 Frequently Asked Questions

General Overview of CLAT

Question - What is CLAT?

Answer - The full form of CLAT is Common Law Admission Test. It is a national-level law entrance exam conducted by the Consortium of National Law Universities.

Question - What law programmes are offered after clearing CLAT?

Answer - CLAT is conducted at both undergraduate and postgraduate law programmes. CLAT UG paves way for admissions in 5-year integrated law programmes whereas clearing CLAT PG is conducted for admissions to LLM programmes.

Question - Where can I get admission after clearing CLAT 2025?

Answer - There are 24 national law universities that give admission only on the basis of CLAT scores. Apart from NLUs, more than 60 law schools also accept CLAT scores for admission purposes. You can use the CLAT score for admissions to the participating colleges. From last year, RPNLU Prayagraj became the newest NLU to start accpeting CLAT scores. However, RPNLU is not part of the centralised counselling for CLAT. It will conduct its admission process separately.

Question - How many seats are available in national law universities participating in CLAT 2025?

Answer - Through CLAT scores, the national law universities will offer over 3243 seats in UG law programmes and around 1373 seats in LLM programmes. One can also check the best law colleges accepting CLAT to decide which college to apply to.

Question - Who will conduct CLAT 2025?

Ans - The CLAT 2025 will be conducted by the Consortium of National Law Universities, a permanent body based at NLSIU Bangalore.

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CLAT FAQs related to eligibility criteria

Question - Who can apply for CLAT UG 2025?

Ans - As per the CLAT eligibility criteria, any candidate who has passed Class 12th with a minimum 45% marks may apply for CLAT 2025. Candidates from SC/ST category need 40% marks. To appear in CLAT PG, the candidate is required to have completed LLB graduation with a minimum 50% marks. SC/ST candidates must have 45% marks.

Question - Are NRI candidates eligible for CLAT 2025?

Ans - Yes, the NRI candidates are also eligible for appearing in CLAT. They may select their category as NRI for taking benefits of the NRI category.

Question - Is there any age limit for appearing in CLAT 2025?

Ans - No, there is no age limit for appearing in CLAT examination.

Question - Will clearing CLAT 2025 guarantee me admission to any National Law University of India?

Answer - There are no qualifying marks in CLAT. Getting a valid score in CLAT will only make you eligible for admission to national law universities. You will need to fulfill all the eligibility requirements of NLU you want to take admission in.

CLAT 2025 FAQs related to application form

Question: When will CLAT 2025 application form open?

Answer: CLAT application form 2025 will open tentatively in the first or second week of July 2024.

Question: How can I apply for CLAT 2025?

Answer: . Candidates could apply through the official website - consortiumofnlus.ac.in.

Question - Can I apply for CLAT in offline mode?

Answer - No, the application form of CLAT will be available only in online mode. You cannot apply in offline mode.

Question - What is the application fee for CLAT 2025?

Answer - For General/OBC/PwD/NRI/PIO/OCI category candidates, CLAT application fee is Rs 4000. For SC, ST and BPL category candidates, the application fee is Rs 3500.

Question - What documents do I need to upload for filling the CLAT application form?

Ans - You will need to upload a recent passport-size photograph, a scanned copy of your signature and a domicile certificate while filling the application form of CLAT.

Question - I uploaded incorrect information and uploaded a blurred photo while submitting the application form. How should I make corrections to my application form?

Ans - Generally, The Consortium allows the candidates to correct the application form till the last date of submitting the application form. You can log in again to edit your application form and make corrections. In case the last date is over, you should contact the exam authorities by sending them a mail related to this matter.

Question: What details should I retain after completion of CLAT applications?

Answer: The CLAT aspirants should retain the following details after completion of the application form –

  • Hard copy of CLAT 2025 application form

  • Fee receipt detail

  • Auto-generated id and password

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Question: What if I receive a zero/blank application number after submitting the CLAT form?

Answer: It means that the application form for CLAT 2025 has not been submitted successfully and you’ll be required to fill the application afresh.

Question: How many times can I change/modify/make changes in CLAT application?

Answer: A CLAT aspirant can make changes in the application form as many times as he/she wishes before paying the CLAT application fee. No changes can be made after the payment of fees and once the application form has been submitted.

Question: Do I need to send hard copies of any documents or filled CLAT applications to the CLAT Office?

Answer: The candidates need not send any document or CLAT application form to the CLAT office. However, it is advised that candidates should keep a hard copy of the filled-in CLAT 2025 application form for his/her own record and future correspondences with the CLAT office.

Question: When can I provide my choice options for NLUs?

Answer: Candidates can provide their NLU choices while applying for CLAT.

Question: Can I change my NLU choices subsequently?

Answer: No, once a candidate has indicated and submitted his/ her choices of NLUs, it’ll be treated as final. However, in case of multiple applications for CLAT, the last submitted form will be treated as final.

Question: What is open campus visit in clat?

Answer: Open campus visit is organised by NLUs in limited slots to familiarise students about the facilities at the NLUs.

CLAT frequently asked questions related to exam patterns and syllabus

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Question - How many questions will be asked in CLAT 2025?

Ans - The CLAT UG will have 120 objective-type questions and the CLAT PG will be consisting of 120 objective-type questions.

Question: What is the examination mode of CLAT 2025?

Answer - CLAT is conducted offline, in pen and paper mode.

Question: When will the Common Law Admission Test be conducted?

Answer: CLAT 2025 will be conducted on December 1, 2024.

Question - What type of questions are asked in CLAT examination?

Ans - With the change in exam pattern last year, CLAT is a comprehension-based test. Questions in both CLAT UG and LLM are asked from the comprehension passages.

Question - What is the exam duration of CLAT 2025?

Ans - CLAT is conducted for two hours.

Question: Is there any arrangement for Specially-Abled Persons (SAPs)?

Answer: Yes, the specially-abled persons can opt either to arrange for his/ her own scribe or to make a request to the CLAT office to provide one for them. In the case of the first option, candidates will need to download the scribe declaration form at the time of filling the CLAT application form. Moreover, the SAPs will be entitled to a compensatory time of 40 minutes.

Question: Will I be given extra sheets/papers for rough work and calculations?

Answer: Yes, examination centres will be providing the rough sheets for calculations. However, no electronic devices will be allowed in the CLAT examination centres.

Question: Is there any negative marking for CLAT 2025?

Answer: CLAT 2025 will have a negative marking of 0.25 marks for each wrong answer.

Question: How can I practice for online CLAT?

Answer: Candidates can take mock tests provided by the consortium and candidates can also solve CLAT sample papers as they will help in practising for the online CLAT. The sample papers and well mock tests will prove quite helpful because they provide a look and feel of the format of the actual Common Law Admission Test.

CLAT FAQs related to admit card and exam day instructions

Question: How can I receive the CLAT 2025 admit card?

Answer: CLAT admit card 2025 will be issued a few days before the exam. It can be downloaded by accessing your login account using your CLAT user id and password. Candidates should note that no hard copy of admit card will be sent to any of the candidates or not even through e-mails. Candidates must ensure that every information printed on the CLAT admit card is correct and in case of any misprint including spelling mistakes, they should immediately bring it to the notice of CLAT authorities.

Question - I forgot my CLAT password, how can I access my admit card now?

Answer - You will need to reset your account by clicking on the “Forgot password” option. To create a new password, you will need to enter your registered mobile number and request an OTP. Enter the OTP at the given space and create a new password to access your admit card for CLAT 2025.

Question: What things do I need to carry to the CLAT exam centre on the day of the exam?

Answer: You must carry the admit card of CLAT 2025 along with valid identity proof (Aadhar Card/ Voter Id card/ Driving License/ Passport, etc.) to their respective examination centres. You will also need to carry personal sanitisation items as mentioned above.

CLAT 2025 FAQs on result, merit list, counselling and seat allotment

Question - When is the CLAT answer key released?

Answer - The CLAT answer key will be released a few hours after the conduct of the exam. Candidates will be given a few days to raise objections against the provisional answer key.

Question - How can I access the CLAT result?

Answer - The result of the Common Law Admission Test is declared at consortiumofnlus.ac.in. You can download the scorecard by logging into the candidate portal.

Question - What is the CLAT invite list?

Answer - The invite list of CLAT is released before the counselling. It contains the names of the candidate shortlisted for the counselling and seat allotment. Note that, invite list is prepared on the basis of CLAT merit list.

Question: What is the minimum cut-off score/ sectional cut off for CLAT 2025?

Answer: There is no such minimum cut off score/sectional cut off score to qualify CLAT. However, admissions to NLUs will be offered based on candidates’ performance in the law entrance examination, in the order of merit.

Question: What is the CLAT counselling fee?

Answer: Candidates will have to deposit a counselling fee of Rs. 30,000 (Rs 20,000 for reserved category candidates). The counselling fee is not a separate fee but will be adjusted in the admission fees at the time of admission in the allotted NLU.

Question: Does CLAT have interview?

Answer: No, CLAT does not have interview

Question: Will I be refunded the CLAT counselling fee, if I don’t want to take admission?

Answer: Candidates must note that there shall be no refund of the counselling fee after the last date of withdrawal from the admission process. Those candidates who have withdrawn their seats up to the last scheduled date will be refunded after deducting Rs. 10,000 from the CLAT counselling fee.

Question: Am I eligible for some reservation if applying under the state domicile quota?

Answer: Yes, some of the participating NLUs offer seats under the state domicile quota. Candidates need to find the details of state domicile seats by visiting each of the official brochures of NLUs.

Question: Are there any reserved seats for women/ female candidates?

Answer: Yes, there are a number of NLUs where seats are reserved for female candidates. Candidates need to look at the details of such seats by visiting official brochures of the NLUs.

Question: Do CLAT participating institutes have common rules of reservation?

Answer: No, the CLAT participating NLUs don’t have common reservation rules. Each of the NLUs has its own set of rules and regulations for reservation prescribed by their Acts/ State Governments.

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Questions related to CLAT

Have a question related to CLAT ?

Hy,

  1. For CLAT (Common Law Admission Test) : No, it is not mandatory to have mathematics in Class 12 to apply for CLAT. CLAT is the entrance exam for undergraduate law programs (BA LLB, BBA LLB, etc.) in National Law Universities (NLUs) across India. The eligibility criteria for CLAT UG simply require you to have passed Class 12 with at least 45% marks (40% for reserved categories). The test itself includes a section on quantitative techniques, but it covers basic mathematics (up to Class 10 level), so you don't need to have studied math in Class 12.

  2. For Law Programs via CUET (Common University Entrance Test) : Similar to CLAT, maths is not mandatory for applying to law programs through CUET. CUET offers access to various central universities and other participating institutions for undergraduate courses, including law. The eligibility typically revolves around having passed Class 12 with a minimum percentage as set by the individual university or program. However, different universities may have slightly varied requirements, so it's advisable to check the specific eligibility criteria of the law program you’re interested in. Most of them, however, do not mandate mathematics as a subject in 12th.

In conclusion, while basic math skills are tested in the CLAT, math is not a required subject in Class 12 for either CLAT or most CUET-based law programs.

Hello from Careers360,

Thank you for your interest in our CLAT preparation resources. We appreciate your query about accessing free recorded CLAT classes.

To watch a free CLAT recorded class from Careers360, you can follow these steps:

  1. Visit the Careers360 website
  2. Navigate to the CLAT preparation section
  3. Look for any available free resources or demo classes

However, I want to be upfront and say that I'm not entirely certain about the current availability of free recorded CLAT classes on our platform. Our offerings may have changed recently.

For the most up-to-date information, I'd recommend:

  1. Checking our website thoroughly
  2. Reaching out to our customer support team directly

They'll be able to provide you with the most current details about our CLAT preparation resources, including any free classes or materials we're currently offering.

Is there anything specific about CLAT preparation you're looking for help with? We'd be glad to assist you further.

Hello,

One such way to watch free CLAT coaching recorded sessions is by finding sites that provide free law entrance preparation resources. YouTube, for example has many channels offering free CLAT coaching; some of these sites even offer recorded lectures in legal reasoning, current affairs, and logical reasoning, among others. Some of the free sessions can be accessed quickly through such channels as LegalEdge or LawPrep Tutorial.

You can also look out for free online portals like Unacademy, where it offers free recorded sessions on a regular basis, especially when it is in their promotional period. Also, many websites offering law school prep have a free trial or even demo session which includes recorded material.

And finally, scroll across the entrance forums or groups from social media sites like Telegram or Facebook, in which members can share the links of free recorded classes and study materials. Keep an eye on special events: some coaching institutes offer free access to recordings when they conduct webinars or workshops.

Hello,

Yes, the recorded video for CLAT preparation can be sent through the medium of WhatsApp, if only the video file size does not exceed the 2GB limit on WhatsApp. In case the video file size exceeds more than 2 GB, there are options for compressing the video and, at the same time, sharing the link through Google Drive or Dropbox after uploading it there and sending the link through WhatsApp.

Many coaching institutes and online study material platforms also record lectures so the same can be shared with students through WhatsApp. WhatsApp also provides students the facility of having all these materials anytime of the day. Where compressing video quality reduces, it may need to be left at cloud storage links. Sharing educational contents through a WhatsApp group ensures getting the answers or information they need to study and do their homework. Students can discuss topics about education with peers in these groups.

Hello,

Indeed you can attach the acknowledgement form of your application for OBC certificate along with your CLAT application provided that the official regulations permit this. Most entrance exams and institutes also accept proof of certificate during the initial process, like an acknowledgment receipt, considering that the final, original certificate would be produced at the time of document verification.

However, one should go through the CLAT instructions or contact CLAT authorities for verification in case rules are different. In case this is possible, you must obtain an original OBC certificate much prior to the verification process that may arise in the course of the admission procedure. Keep all the documents and proofs related to your OBC certificate with you while moving ahead for any future actions.

Passage 1
Read the passage below and answer the following question.
Cheating is considered a criminal offence under the Indian Penal Code. It is done to gain profit or advantage from another person by using some deceitful means. The person who deceives another knows for the fact that it would place the other person in an unfair situation. Cheating as an offence can be made punishable under Section 420 of the IPC. Scope of Section 415 Cheating is defined under Section 415 of the Indian Penal Code as whoever fraudulently or dishonestly deceives a person to induce that person to deliver a property to any person or to consent to retain any property. If a person intentionally induces a person to do or omit to do any act which he would not have done if he was not deceived to do so and the act has caused harm to that person in body, mind, reputation, or property, then the person who fraudulently, dishonestly or intentionally induced the other person is said to cheat. Any dishonest concealment of facts that can deceive a person to do an act that he would not have done otherwise is also cheating within the meaning of this section. Essential Ingredients of Cheating requires · deception of any person. Fraudulently or dishonestly inducing that person to deliver any property to any person or to consent that any person shall retain any property; or · intentionally inducing a person to do or omit to do anything which he would not do or omit if he were not so deceived, and the act or omission causes or is likely to cause damage or harm to that person in body, mind, reputation or property.
Deceit– a tort arising from an untrue or false statement of facts which are made by a person, recklessly or knowingly, with an intention that it shall be acted upon by the other person, who would suffer damages as a result. 
Fraud – a false or untrue representation of the fact, that is made with the knowledge of its falsity or without the belief in its truth or a reckless statement that may or may not be true, with an intention to induce a person or individual to act independent of it with the result that the person acts on it and suffers damages and harm. In other words, it is a wrong act or criminal deception with an intention to result in financial or personal gain.
Question - 1 
D went to a moneylender, Z, for the loan. D intentionally pledges the gold article with Z taking the loan. D knows that the article is not made of gold. After a few days, D leaves the village. Decide.

 

Option: 1 None

Option: 2 None

Option: 3 None

Option: 4 None

Read the passage carefully and answer the question

The Contract should be performed by the promisor himself. However, in certain cases, it can also be performed by his agents or legal representatives. It all depends upon the intention of the parties. Normally a contract can be performed by the following persons. 

  1. Promisor himself: If from the nature of the contract it appears that it was the intention of the parties that the promise should be performed by the promisor himself, such promise must be performed by the promisor. This usually applies to contracts involving personal skill, task, or artwork. 
  2. Promisor or his Agent: Where the contract does not involve the personal skill of the promisor, the contract could be performed by the promisor himself or by any competent person employed by him for the purpose, 
  3. Legal Representatives: The contracts which do not involve any personal skill or taste, may be performed by his legal representative after the death of the promisor.
  4. Third Person: In some cases, a contract may be performed by a third person provided the promisee accepts the arrangement. According to Section 41 of the Indian Contract Act, once the promisee accepts the performance from a third person, he cannot compel the promisor to perform the contract again. 
  5. Performance of Joint Promises: According to section 42 of the Indian Contract Act, when two or more persons have made a joint promise, the joint promisors must fulfill the promise jointly during their lifetime. And if any one of them dies, then his legal representatives and survivors must jointly fulfill the promise. 

Section 43 of the Indian Contract Act further provides that unless a contrary intention appears from the contract, each joint promisor may compel every other joint promisor to contribute equally to the performance of the promise. If any joint promisor makes a default in such contribution, the remaining joint promisors must bear the loss arising from such default in equal shares.

Question:

Aman received a box of chocolates from Basant and promised to pay Rupees 5000. Later on, A becomes bankrupt. Chetan who is a friend of Aman pays rupees 1000 to Besant on behalf of Aman. Aman is not aware of such a transaction. In civil court, insolvency proceedings have started against Aman. Meanwhile, Basant has also applied for a recovery of 5000 rupees. Decide.

Option: 1

Basant is entitled to recover the amount of 5000 from Aman.


Option: 2

Basant is entitled to recover the amount of 4000 from Aman.


Option: 3

Chetan is entitled to recover the amount of 1000 from Basant.


Option: 4

Basant cannot recover any amount from Aman as he has become insolvent.


Read the passage carefully and answer the question

The Contract should be performed by the promisor himself. However, in certain cases, it can also be performed by his agents or legal representatives. It all depends upon the intention of the parties. Normally a contract can be performed by the following persons. 

  1. Promisor himself: If from the nature of the contract it appears that it was the intention of the parties that the promise should be performed by the promisor himself, such promise must be performed by the promisor. This usually applies to contracts involving personal skill, task, or artwork. 
  2. Promisor or his Agent: Where the contract does not involve the personal skill of the promisor, the contract could be performed by the promisor himself or by any competent person employed by him for the purpose, 
  3. Legal Representatives: The contracts which do not involve any personal skill or taste, may be performed by his legal representative after the death of the promisor.
  4. Third Person: In some cases, a contract may be performed by a third person provided the promisee accepts the arrangement. According to Section 41 of the Indian Contract Act, once the promisee accepts the performance from a third person, he cannot compel the promisor to perform the contract again. 
  5. Performance of Joint Promises: According to section 42 of the Indian Contract Act, when two or more persons have made a joint promise, the joint promisors must fulfill the promise jointly during their lifetime. And if any one of them dies, then his legal representatives and survivors must jointly fulfill the promise. 

Section 43 of the Indian Contract Act further provides that unless a contrary intention appears from the contract, each joint promisor may compel every other joint promisor to contribute equally to the performance of the promise. If any joint promisor makes a default in such contribution, the remaining joint promisors must bear the loss arising from such default in equal shares.

Question:

K promises to paint a picture for L on a certain day, at a certain price. K dies before the day of the contract. Decide. 

Option: 1

The contract can be enforced by K’s representative 


Option: 2

The contract can be enforced by L


Option: 3

The contract can be enforced either by K’s representation or by L 


Option: 4

The contract cannot be enforced either by K’s representative, or L


Read the passage carefully and answer the question

The Contract should be performed by the promisor himself. However, in certain cases, it can also be performed by his agents or legal representatives. It all depends upon the intention of the parties. Normally a contract can be performed by the following persons. 

  1. Promisor himself: If from the nature of the contract it appears that it was the intention of the parties that the promise should be performed by the promisor himself, such promise must be performed by the promisor. This usually applies to contracts involving personal skill, task, or artwork. 
  2. Promisor or his Agent: Where the contract does not involve the personal skill of the promisor, the contract could be performed by the promisor himself or by any competent person employed by him for the purpose, 
  3. Legal Representatives: The contracts which do not involve any personal skill or taste, may be performed by his legal representative after the death of the promisor.
  4. Third Person: In some cases, a contract may be performed by a third person provided the promisee accepts the arrangement. According to Section 41 of the Indian Contract Act, once the promisee accepts the performance from a third person, he cannot compel the promisor to perform the contract again. 
  5. Performance of Joint Promises: According to section 42 of the Indian Contract Act, when two or more persons have made a joint promise, the joint promisors must fulfill the promise jointly during their lifetime. And if any one of them dies, then his legal representatives and survivors must jointly fulfill the promise. 

Section 43 of the Indian Contract Act further provides that unless a contrary intention appears from the contract, each joint promisor may compel every other joint promisor to contribute equally to the performance of the promise. If any joint promisor makes a default in such contribution, the remaining joint promisors must bear the loss arising from such default in equal shares.

Question:

Rohan has agreed to manage the catering services during the marriage of Sohan’s son Ramu. On the day of marriage, Rohan felt ill and sent his manager to the management of catering services. Ramu happily gets married to Tina and people appreciated the food and decoration of the event. When Rohan asked Sohan for the remaining amount, he denied it because Rohan himself had not managed so it is a breach. Decide.

 

Option: 1

Rohan is not entitled to get the remaining amount due to a breach of contract.


Option: 2

Rohan is entitled to sue Sohan for the remaining amount.


Option: 3

Rohan is entitled to sue Ramu because it was his marriage.


Option: 4

Instead of Rohan, his manager can only sue Sohan for the breach.


Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.

It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.

The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.

Question:

X is a student of a college and his father Y is a professor in the same college. In one instance, X is caught to be involved in unparliamentary activities inside the college campus. The enquiry committee is set up and Y is appointed as the head of the committee. Decide.

Option: 1

Y is a professor of the same college hence he can become a member of the enquiry committee


Option: 2

Y is X’s father hence he should not be a part of the enquiry committee


Option: 3

Y can be a part of the enquiry committee but cannot be its head


Option: 4

There is no rule that prevents the appointment of Y until he fulfils his function diligently


Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.

It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.

The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.

Question:

Mr X is an employee of a corporate office. His wife Y is a judge. In one instance, X is found to be involved in a money laundering case at his office. The office now files a suit and Y is appointed as the judge for this case. Decide.

Option: 1

Y is a judge by herself, hence can be appointed to adjudicate this case


Option: 2

Y is can be appointed as a judge only if she fulfils her responsibilities without any bias


Option: 3

Y can adjudicate the case and if the company finds the penalty to be insufficient then they can appeal against it


Option: 4

Y cannot be the judge in this case ab initio


Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.

It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.

The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.

Question:

X was a renowned cricketer in the 1980s. His son Y is a struggling cricketer who has been trying to get into the national team for many years. In the year 2020, X is appointed as a member of the selection committee. In the match which is supposed to decide the final team of the nation, Y scores a century and Z scores 65 runs. However, Z is selected to represent India and Y is not. Y now appeals against the decision, the main ground being the presence of X in the committee. Decide.

Option: 1

The appeal will stand as Y scored a century yet Z was selected after scoring 65 runs


Option: 2

The appeal will be quashed since X’s presence should have benefitted Y, but it didn’t, hence the rejection of Y is valid


Option: 3

The appeal will stand as X’s presence is a factor of bias


Option: 4

The appeal will be quashed since X was a renowned cricketer


Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.

It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.

The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.

Question:

X is a married judge who is well known for his honesty in the entire city. He has a son Y. One fine day Y gets kidnapped and the kidnapper demands a sum of 20 lakhs from X. However, the kidnapper is caught by the police. X is now appointed as the judge for the hearing of the kidnapper. Decide.

Option: 1

X can be the judge since he can decide the punishment better as he was the sufferer


Option: 2

X cannot be the judge since there is a possibility that he will be biased while delivering the judgement


Option: 3

X can be the judge since he is renowned for his honesty and fulfil his duties


Option: 4

X can be the judge but his statement can be appealed against if delivered with bias


Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.

It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.

The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.

Question:

X and Y have been married for five years. X is a judge and Y is a doctor. X is pretty much unhappy with his married life so he wants to divorce Y. Y refuses to agree to a divorce by mutual consent hence X files a suit against Y. Decide.

Option: 1

X cannot file a suit since he is a judge


Option: 2

X can file a suit against Y in legal capacity but not as a judge


Option: 3

X cannot file a divorce suit against Y since there is no valid ground for divorce


Option: 4

X can proceed with mutual consent but not contested divorce


Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

In the case of M/S Halonex Limited, 59-A Noida vs State of U.P., it was held that “In reply to the aforesaid submission, learned counsel for opposite party no.2 submitted that the case of the applicants that no amount is due from their side to the complainant is a matter of defence which cannot be considered at this stage. It has been submitted that the term 'entrustment' as used in Section 405 IPC has been given a wider interpretation. It has been submitted that the goods returned by the complainant to the Company for replacement or for reimbursement would be deemed to have been entrusted to the Company and as the applicants 2 & 3 were handling its affair they become responsible. To buttress the said submission, the learned counsel for the complainant drew the attention of the Court to a decision of the Apex Court in the case of Ram Narayan Popli Vs. Central Bureau of Investigation: (2003) 3 SCC 641, wherein it was observed that: "the term "entrustment" is not necessarily a term of law. It may have different implications in different contexts. In its most general signification all it imports is the handing over possession for some purpose which may not imply the conferring of any proprietary right at all." Attention was also drawn to an observation made in the judgment of the aforesaid case, where it was observed that: "to establish the charge of criminal breach of trust, the prosecution is not obliged to prove the precise mode of conversion, misappropriation or misapplication by the accused of the property entrusted to him or over which he has dominion. The principal ingredient of the offence being dishonest misappropriation or conversion which may not ordinarily be a matter of direct proof, entrustment of property and failure in breach of an obligation to account for the property entrusted if proved, may, in the light of other circumstances, justifiably lead to an inference of dishonest misappropriation or conversion”.

Question:

X tracks down an expensive necklace on the road. Not knowing to whom it belongs. X sells it promptly to a jeweller without attempting to find the owner or submitting the necklace to the authorities. Decide the liability of X.

Option: 1

Extortion


Option: 2

Criminal breach of trust


Option: 3

Theft


Option: 4

Criminal misappropriation of Property


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