NIRF Ranking 2024 Law Colleges List India

Ranking	Name of Law School	Type	NIRF Points
1	National Law School of India University, Bengaluru	Government	80.52
2	National Law University, Delhi	Government	73.91
3	NALSAR University of Law, Hyderabad	Government	73.76
4	The West Bengal National University of Juridicial Sciences, Kolkata	Government	69.34
5	Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi	Government	68.3
6	Symbiosis Law School, Pune	Private	66.67
7	Gujarat National Law University, Gandhinagar	Government	65.69
8	Siksha `O` Anusandhan, Bhubaneswar	Private	64.04
9	Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur	Government	62.2
10	Babasheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow	Government	61.05
11	Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai	Private	59.37
12	Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar	Private	59.2
13	Christ University, Bengaluru	Private	57.78
14	Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh	Government	56.51
15	Shanmugha Arts Science Technology & Research Academy, Thanjavur	Private	56.37
16	Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar	Private	55.41
17	Indian Law Institute, New Delhi	Private	55.34
18	National Law Institute University, Bhopal	Government	54.68
19	Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi	Government	54.13
20	The Rajiv Gandhi National University of Law, Patiala	Government	51.53
21	Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya National Law University, Lucknow	Government	50.9
22	Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi	Government	50.18
23	Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon	Private	49.55
24	National University of Study & Research in Law, Ranchi	Government	48.2
25	Alliance University, Bengaluru	Private	48.13
26	Army Institute of Law, Mohali	Private	47.65
27	Nirma University, Ahmedabad	Private	47.57
28	National Law University and Judicial Academy, Kamrup	Government	46.6
29	Manipal University Jaipur	Private	46.54
30	National Law University, Cuttack	Government	46.02

Sl no	Name of Law School	Courses Offered	Median Salary p.a for UG courses	Median Salary p.a. for PG courses
1	National Law School of India University Bengaluru	5-year LLB, 3-year LLB, LLM	Rs 16 lakhs (5-year LLB)	Rs 8.25 lakhs
2	National Law University Delhi	5-year LLB, LLM	Rs 19 lakhs	Rs 10 lakhs
3	NALSAR University of Law Hyderabad	5-year LLB, LLM	Rs 16 lakhs	Rs 7 lakhs
4	The West Bengal National University of Juridicial Sciences, Kolkata	5-year LLB, LLM	Rs 16 lakhs	Rs 7 lakhs
5	Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi	5-year LLB, LLM	Rs 5.40 lakhs	Rs 6.60 lakhs
6	Symbiosis Law School, Pune	5-year LLB, 3-year LLB, LLM	Rs 9.60 lakhs (5-year LLB) Rs 8.20 lakhs (3-year LLB)	Rs 8.70 lakhs
7	Gujarat National Law University, Gandhinagar	5-year LLB, LLM	Rs 15.40 lakhs	Rs 4.20 lakhs
8	Siksha `O` Anusandhan, Bhubaneswar	5-year LLB, 3-year LLB, LLM	Rs 5.40 lakhs (5-year LLB) Rs 5.40 lakhs (3-year LLB	Rs 4.80 lakhs
9	Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur	3-year LLB, LLM	Rs 9 lakhs	Rs 12 lakhs
10	Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow	5-year LLB, LLM	-	Rs 5.10 lakhs
11	Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai	5-year LLB, LLM	Rs 5.78 lakhs	Rs 6 lakhs
12	Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar	5-year LLB, LLM	Rs 4 lakhs	Rs 9 lakhs
13	Christ University, Bengaluru	5-year LLB, LLM	Rs 4.83 lakhs	Rs 3.67 lakhs
14	Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh	5-year LLB, LLM	Rs 12.30 lakhs	Rs 10.30 lakhs
15	Shanmugha Arts Science Technology & Research Academy, Thanjavur	5-year LLB	Rs 4.50 lakhs	-
16	Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar	5-year LLB, 3-year LLB, LLM	Rs 8.20 lakhs ( 5-year LLB) Rs 8.05 lakhs (3-year LLB)	Rs 8.20 lakhs
17	Indian Law Institute, New Delhi	LLM	-	Rs 5.70 lakhs
18	National Law Institute University, Bhopal	5-year LLB, LLM	Rs 18 lakhs	Rs 6 lakhs ( 1-year LLM) Rs 5.50 lakhs (2-year LLM)
19	Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi	5-year LLB, LLM	Rs 5.15 lakhs	Rs 4.95 lakhs
20	The Rajiv Gandhi National University of Law, Patiala	5-year LLB, LLM	Rs 8.40 lakhs	Rs 6 lakhs
21	Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya National Law University, Lucknow	5-year LLB, LLM	Rs 6.50 lakhs	Rs 5.50 lakhs
22	Banaras Hindu University	5-year LLB, 3-year LLB, LLM	Rs 7.10 lakhs (5-year LLB) Rs 8.10 lakhs (3-year LLB)	Rs 10 lakhs
23	Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon	5-year LLB, LLM	Rs 3 lakhs	Rs 4.20 lakhs
24	National University of Study & Research in Law, Ranchi	5-year LLB, LLM	Rs 10.07 lakhs	Rs 6 lakhs
25	Alliance University, Bengaluru	5-year LLB, LLM	Rs 4.30 lakhs	Rs 5.20 lakhs
26	Army Institute of Law, Mohali	5-year LLB, LLM	Rs 3 lakhs	Rs 4.20 lakhs
27	Nirma University, Ahmedabad	5-year LLB, LLM	Rs 3.60 lakhs	Rs 3.60 lakhs
28	National Law University and Judicial Academy, Kamrup	5-year LLB, LLM	-	-
29	Manipal University Jaipur	5-year LLB, 3-year LLB, LLM	Rs 4.60 lakhs (5-year LLB) Rs 6.60 lakhs (3-year LLB)	Rs 6.45 lakhs
30	National Law University, Cuttack	5-year LLB, 3-year LLB, LLM	Rs 9 lakhs (5-year LLB)	Rs 6 lakhs

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Questions related to CLAT

Have a question related to CLAT ?

CLAT COACHING ALONG WITH INTERMEDIATE AT VIJAYAWADA

Hello,

In Vijayawada, several institutes offer CLAT coaching alongside intermediate studies. Here are some options:

1. Sri Chaitanya IAS Academy

2. Abhyaas LawPrep

3. T.I.M.E. Institute

4. Career Launcher

5. IMS Victory Academy

Hope it helps !

Read Complete Answer

Prachi Kumari 28 March,2025

What the syllabus for clat suggest the book

The CLAT (Common Law Admission Test) syllabus includes five main sections: English Language, Current Affairs including General Knowledge, Legal Reasoning, Logical Reasoning, and Quantitative Techniques. For preparation, some recommended books are *Word Power Made Easy* by Norman Lewis for English, *Lucent’s General Knowledge* for GK, and *Manorama Yearbook* for current affairs. For Legal Reasoning, *Universal’s Guide to CLAT & LLB* is useful, while *A Modern Approach to Logical Reasoning* by R.S. Aggarwal helps with reasoning. For Quantitative Techniques, *Quantitative Aptitude* by R.S. Aggarwal is a good choice. Regular mock tests and previous years' papers also enhance preparation.

Read Complete Answer

Tanya Gupta 26 March,2025

what is the result date of clat exam

Hello,

The CLAT 2025 exam results were announced early on December 7, 2024. However, due to legal challenges, the counselling process has been delayed, and the Delhi High Court is scheduled to hear related petitions on April 7, 2025.

Hope it helps !

Read Complete Answer

Prachi Kumari 01 April,2025

what is the result date of clat exam

Hello aspirant,

The Common Law Admission Test (CLAT) was conducted on 1 December 2024 and the Consortium released results on 7 December 2024.

However, due to legal proceedings that are underway, candidates should keep their eyes on the Consortium for a finalised result and admission process.

Read Complete Answer

Himanshi Prajapat 21 March,2025

Can we start clat preparation from 12

Hello there,

Yes, you can start preparation of CLAT (Common Law Admission Test) side by side. After completing your 12th standard students can apply for CLAT UG program. If you belong to reserve category, you can get advantage also.

For preparation of CLAT examination you can get more information on career 360 website.

Here is the link : https://law.careers360.com/articles/how-prepare-for-clat

Hope this will help!

Read Complete Answer

Divyanshi Priya 18 March,2025

View All

Popular CLAT Questions

Read the passage carefully and answer the question

The Contract should be performed by the promisor himself. However, in certain cases, it can also be performed by his agents or legal representatives. It all depends upon the intention of the parties. Normally a contract can be performed by the following persons.

Promisor himself: If from the nature of the contract it appears that it was the intention of the parties that the promise should be performed by the promisor himself, such promise must be performed by the promisor. This usually applies to contracts involving personal skill, task, or artwork.
Promisor or his Agent: Where the contract does not involve the personal skill of the promisor, the contract could be performed by the promisor himself or by any competent person employed by him for the purpose,
Legal Representatives: The contracts which do not involve any personal skill or taste, may be performed by his legal representative after the death of the promisor.
Third Person: In some cases, a contract may be performed by a third person provided the promisee accepts the arrangement. According to Section 41 of the Indian Contract Act, once the promisee accepts the performance from a third person, he cannot compel the promisor to perform the contract again.
Performance of Joint Promises: According to section 42 of the Indian Contract Act, when two or more persons have made a joint promise, the joint promisors must fulfill the promise jointly during their lifetime. And if any one of them dies, then his legal representatives and survivors must jointly fulfill the promise.

Section 43 of the Indian Contract Act further provides that unless a contrary intention appears from the contract, each joint promisor may compel every other joint promisor to contribute equally to the performance of the promise. If any joint promisor makes a default in such contribution, the remaining joint promisors must bear the loss arising from such default in equal shares.

Question:

Aman received a box of chocolates from Basant and promised to pay Rupees 5000. Later on, A becomes bankrupt. Chetan who is a friend of Aman pays rupees 1000 to Besant on behalf of Aman. Aman is not aware of such a transaction. In civil court, insolvency proceedings have started against Aman. Meanwhile, Basant has also applied for a recovery of 5000 rupees. Decide.

Option: 1

Basant is entitled to recover the amount of 5000 from Aman.

Option: 2

Basant is entitled to recover the amount of 4000 from Aman.

Option: 3

Chetan is entitled to recover the amount of 1000 from Basant.

Option: 4

Basant cannot recover any amount from Aman as he has become insolvent.

Read the passage carefully and answer the question

The Contract should be performed by the promisor himself. However, in certain cases, it can also be performed by his agents or legal representatives. It all depends upon the intention of the parties. Normally a contract can be performed by the following persons.

Promisor himself: If from the nature of the contract it appears that it was the intention of the parties that the promise should be performed by the promisor himself, such promise must be performed by the promisor. This usually applies to contracts involving personal skill, task, or artwork.
Promisor or his Agent: Where the contract does not involve the personal skill of the promisor, the contract could be performed by the promisor himself or by any competent person employed by him for the purpose,
Legal Representatives: The contracts which do not involve any personal skill or taste, may be performed by his legal representative after the death of the promisor.
Third Person: In some cases, a contract may be performed by a third person provided the promisee accepts the arrangement. According to Section 41 of the Indian Contract Act, once the promisee accepts the performance from a third person, he cannot compel the promisor to perform the contract again.
Performance of Joint Promises: According to section 42 of the Indian Contract Act, when two or more persons have made a joint promise, the joint promisors must fulfill the promise jointly during their lifetime. And if any one of them dies, then his legal representatives and survivors must jointly fulfill the promise.

Section 43 of the Indian Contract Act further provides that unless a contrary intention appears from the contract, each joint promisor may compel every other joint promisor to contribute equally to the performance of the promise. If any joint promisor makes a default in such contribution, the remaining joint promisors must bear the loss arising from such default in equal shares.

Question:

K promises to paint a picture for L on a certain day, at a certain price. K dies before the day of the contract. Decide.

Option: 1

The contract can be enforced by K’s representative

Option: 2

The contract can be enforced by L

Option: 3

The contract can be enforced either by K’s representation or by L

Option: 4

The contract cannot be enforced either by K’s representative, or L

Read the passage carefully and answer the question

The Contract should be performed by the promisor himself. However, in certain cases, it can also be performed by his agents or legal representatives. It all depends upon the intention of the parties. Normally a contract can be performed by the following persons.

Promisor himself: If from the nature of the contract it appears that it was the intention of the parties that the promise should be performed by the promisor himself, such promise must be performed by the promisor. This usually applies to contracts involving personal skill, task, or artwork.
Promisor or his Agent: Where the contract does not involve the personal skill of the promisor, the contract could be performed by the promisor himself or by any competent person employed by him for the purpose,
Legal Representatives: The contracts which do not involve any personal skill or taste, may be performed by his legal representative after the death of the promisor.
Third Person: In some cases, a contract may be performed by a third person provided the promisee accepts the arrangement. According to Section 41 of the Indian Contract Act, once the promisee accepts the performance from a third person, he cannot compel the promisor to perform the contract again.
Performance of Joint Promises: According to section 42 of the Indian Contract Act, when two or more persons have made a joint promise, the joint promisors must fulfill the promise jointly during their lifetime. And if any one of them dies, then his legal representatives and survivors must jointly fulfill the promise.

Section 43 of the Indian Contract Act further provides that unless a contrary intention appears from the contract, each joint promisor may compel every other joint promisor to contribute equally to the performance of the promise. If any joint promisor makes a default in such contribution, the remaining joint promisors must bear the loss arising from such default in equal shares.

Question:

Rohan has agreed to manage the catering services during the marriage of Sohan’s son Ramu. On the day of marriage, Rohan felt ill and sent his manager to the management of catering services. Ramu happily gets married to Tina and people appreciated the food and decoration of the event. When Rohan asked Sohan for the remaining amount, he denied it because Rohan himself had not managed so it is a breach. Decide.

Option: 1

Rohan is not entitled to get the remaining amount due to a breach of contract.

Option: 2

Rohan is entitled to sue Sohan for the remaining amount.

Option: 3

Rohan is entitled to sue Ramu because it was his marriage.

Option: 4

Instead of Rohan, his manager can only sue Sohan for the breach.

Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.

It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.

The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.

Question:

X is a student of a college and his father Y is a professor in the same college. In one instance, X is caught to be involved in unparliamentary activities inside the college campus. The enquiry committee is set up and Y is appointed as the head of the committee. Decide.

Option: 1

Y is a professor of the same college hence he can become a member of the enquiry committee

Option: 2

Y is X’s father hence he should not be a part of the enquiry committee

Option: 3

Y can be a part of the enquiry committee but cannot be its head

Option: 4

There is no rule that prevents the appointment of Y until he fulfils his function diligently

Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.

It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.

The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.

Question:

Mr X is an employee of a corporate office. His wife Y is a judge. In one instance, X is found to be involved in a money laundering case at his office. The office now files a suit and Y is appointed as the judge for this case. Decide.

Option: 1

Y is a judge by herself, hence can be appointed to adjudicate this case

Option: 2

Y is can be appointed as a judge only if she fulfils her responsibilities without any bias

Option: 3

Y can adjudicate the case and if the company finds the penalty to be insufficient then they can appeal against it

Option: 4

Y cannot be the judge in this case ab initio

Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.

It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.

The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.

Question:

X was a renowned cricketer in the 1980s. His son Y is a struggling cricketer who has been trying to get into the national team for many years. In the year 2020, X is appointed as a member of the selection committee. In the match which is supposed to decide the final team of the nation, Y scores a century and Z scores 65 runs. However, Z is selected to represent India and Y is not. Y now appeals against the decision, the main ground being the presence of X in the committee. Decide.

Option: 1

The appeal will stand as Y scored a century yet Z was selected after scoring 65 runs

Option: 2

The appeal will be quashed since X’s presence should have benefitted Y, but it didn’t, hence the rejection of Y is valid

Option: 3

The appeal will stand as X’s presence is a factor of bias

Option: 4

The appeal will be quashed since X was a renowned cricketer

Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.

It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.

The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.

Question:

X is a married judge who is well known for his honesty in the entire city. He has a son Y. One fine day Y gets kidnapped and the kidnapper demands a sum of 20 lakhs from X. However, the kidnapper is caught by the police. X is now appointed as the judge for the hearing of the kidnapper. Decide.

Option: 1

X can be the judge since he can decide the punishment better as he was the sufferer

Option: 2

X cannot be the judge since there is a possibility that he will be biased while delivering the judgement

Option: 3

X can be the judge since he is renowned for his honesty and fulfil his duties

Option: 4

X can be the judge but his statement can be appealed against if delivered with bias

Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

Natural justice is another name for common sense justice rules of natural justice are not in codified form these principles are embedded or ingrained or inbuilt in the conscience of human beings. It supplies the omission made in codified law and helps in the administration of justice. Natural justice is not only confined to ‘fairness’ it will take many shades and colours based on the context. Thus natural justice apart from ‘fairness’ also implies reasonableness, equity and equality. They are neither cast in a rigid mould nor can they be put in a legal straitjacket. These principles written by nature in the heart of mankind, they are immutable, inviolable, and inalienable.

It is true that the concept of natural justice is not very clear and, therefore, it is not possible to define it; yet the principles of natural justice are accepted and enforced. In the case of Ridge V. Baldwin Court observed that “in modern times have sometimes been expressed to the effect that natural justice is as vague as to be practically meaningless. But I would regard these as tainted by the perennial fallacy that because something cannot be cut and dried or nicely weighed or measured therefore it does not exist”. The term natural justice signifies fundamental rules of judicial procedure and fair play in action. According to Lord Widgery “the principles of natural justice were those fundamental rules; the breach will prevent justice from being seen to be done”. Earliest expression of ‘natural justice’ could be found in the philosophical expression of Roman Jurist (jus natural) and signified rules and principles for the conduct of man which were independent of enacted law or customs and could be discovered by the rational intelligence of man and would grow out of and conform to his nature.

The rule against bias that surfaced in 1610 in Dr Bonham's Casewhere Chief Justice Coke went so far as to say that the Court could declare an Act of Parliament void if it made a man as judge in his own cause, or otherwise ‘against common right and reason’. This was one of his grounds for disallowing the claim of the College of Physicians to fine and imprison Doctor Bonham, a Doctor of Physics of Cambridge University, for practising in the city of London without the licence of College of Physicians. The statute under which the College acted provided that fines should go half to the King half to the College so that the College had a financial interest in its own judgement and was judged in its own cause.

Question:

X and Y have been married for five years. X is a judge and Y is a doctor. X is pretty much unhappy with his married life so he wants to divorce Y. Y refuses to agree to a divorce by mutual consent hence X files a suit against Y. Decide.

Option: 1

X cannot file a suit since he is a judge

Option: 2

X can file a suit against Y in legal capacity but not as a judge

Option: 3

X cannot file a divorce suit against Y since there is no valid ground for divorce

Option: 4

X can proceed with mutual consent but not contested divorce

Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

In the case of M/S Halonex Limited, 59-A Noida vs State of U.P., it was held that “In reply to the aforesaid submission, learned counsel for opposite party no.2 submitted that the case of the applicants that no amount is due from their side to the complainant is a matter of defence which cannot be considered at this stage. It has been submitted that the term 'entrustment' as used in Section 405 IPC has been given a wider interpretation. It has been submitted that the goods returned by the complainant to the Company for replacement or for reimbursement would be deemed to have been entrusted to the Company and as the applicants 2 & 3 were handling its affair they become responsible. To buttress the said submission, the learned counsel for the complainant drew the attention of the Court to a decision of the Apex Court in the case of Ram Narayan Popli Vs. Central Bureau of Investigation: (2003) 3 SCC 641, wherein it was observed that: "the term "entrustment" is not necessarily a term of law. It may have different implications in different contexts. In its most general signification all it imports is the handing over possession for some purpose which may not imply the conferring of any proprietary right at all." Attention was also drawn to an observation made in the judgment of the aforesaid case, where it was observed that: "to establish the charge of criminal breach of trust, the prosecution is not obliged to prove the precise mode of conversion, misappropriation or misapplication by the accused of the property entrusted to him or over which he has dominion. The principal ingredient of the offence being dishonest misappropriation or conversion which may not ordinarily be a matter of direct proof, entrustment of property and failure in breach of an obligation to account for the property entrusted if proved, may, in the light of other circumstances, justifiably lead to an inference of dishonest misappropriation or conversion”.

Question:

X tracks down an expensive necklace on the road. Not knowing to whom it belongs. X sells it promptly to a jeweller without attempting to find the owner or submitting the necklace to the authorities. Decide the liability of X.

Option: 1

Extortion

Option: 2

Criminal breach of trust

Option: 3

Theft

Option: 4

Criminal misappropriation of Property

Read the passage and answer the question that follow.

In the case of M/S Halonex Limited, 59-A Noida vs State of U.P., it was held that “In reply to the aforesaid submission, learned counsel for opposite party no.2 submitted that the case of the applicants that no amount is due from their side to the complainant is a matter of defence which cannot be considered at this stage. It has been submitted that the term 'entrustment' as used in Section 405 IPC has been given a wider interpretation. It has been submitted that the goods returned by the complainant to the Company for replacement or for reimbursement would be deemed to have been entrusted to the Company and as the applicants 2 & 3 were handling its affair they become responsible. To buttress the said submission, the learned counsel for the complainant drew the attention of the Court to a decision of the Apex Court in the case of Ram Narayan Popli Vs. Central Bureau of Investigation: (2003) 3 SCC 641, wherein it was observed that: "the term "entrustment" is not necessarily a term of law. It may have different implications in different contexts. In its most general signification all it imports is the handing over possession for some purpose which may not imply the conferring of any proprietary right at all." Attention was also drawn to an observation made in the judgment of the aforesaid case, where it was observed that: "to establish the charge of criminal breach of trust, the prosecution is not obliged to prove the precise mode of conversion, misappropriation or misapplication by the accused of the property entrusted to him or over which he has dominion. The principal ingredient of the offence being dishonest misappropriation or conversion which may not ordinarily be a matter of direct proof, entrustment of property and failure in breach of an obligation to account for the property entrusted if proved, may, in the light of other circumstances, justifiably lead to an inference of dishonest misappropriation or conversion”.

Question:

P borrows from L his phone for using it to call his parents. However, when L is distracted, P removes the memory card of the phone and later on sells it. Decide the liability of P.

Option: 1

P is guilty under dishonest misappropriation of property

Option: 2

P is not guilty for any offence since the phone was given with consent

Option: 3

P is guilty for theft

Option: 4

P has been handed over the phone, so he has the right to use it as he likes

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